semester 1 final exam review

a method of problem-solving involving observation to test a hypothesis;

A process of critical thinking that uses observations and experiments to investigate testable predictions about the physical universe.

an educated prediction of a possible outcome- a predicted answer to your question;

A testable explanation for observations and questions about the physical universe, using an educated prediction based on research

testing an idea or hypothesis through a controlled investigation

A test using observations and controlled variables to discover answers to questions, and/or to check a hypothesis.

a standard against which other conditions can be compared in an experiment

the factor being tested; Something that can affect a system being examined, and is therefore a factor that may change in an experiment.

the act of making and recording measurements; the act of noticing or paying attention

drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of observations;

A logical explanation or conclusion past or present based on observations and/or facts. i.e. I saw people wearing rain coats, so it must be raining.

a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn;

Information, measurements and materials gathered from observations that are used to help answer questions.

or responding variable the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

or manipulated variable, the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

is observable clues and data that can be used to prove or disprove something

is using the science of machines to solve a problem or create a product. The science of machines and their use

a statement made about the future based on experience or observations.

A statement made about the future outcome of an experiment based on past experiences or observations. i.e. If there are dark grey clouds, it will rain.

the entire physical universe

to compare the characteristics of something with a standard;

To compare the characteristics of something (such as mass, length, volume) with a standard (such as grams, meters, liters).

is the study of nature and the physical world using the scientific method

to alter something already written or printed, in order to make corrections, improve, or update

A widely accepted concept for generalized patterns in nature that is supported by much scientific evidence based on data collected using scientific methods accepted as factual.

a rule that describes a pattern in nature like gravity

the abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts in order to study the parts and their relations to better understand the whole:

The breakdown of something that is complex into smaller parts in such a way that leads to a better understanding of the whole.

a fake substance having no effect but given as a control in an experiment

A way of organizing, writing, and conducting the experiment. An ordered series of steps followed to help answer a question or complete an activity.

theory that states that all organisms are made of cells, all cells are produced by other living cells, and the cell is the most basic unit of life.

jellylike substance inside cells that contains molecules and in some cells organelles.

membrane-bound structure that is specialized to perform a distinct process within a cell.

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

network of proteins, such as microtubules and microfilaments, inside a eukaryotic cell that supports and shapes the cell.

organelle composed of a double membrane that acts as the storehouse for most of a cell's DNA.

interconnected network of thin, folded membranes that produce, process, and distribute proteins.

organelle that links amino acids together to form proteins.

stack of flat, membrane-enclosed spaces containing enzymes that process, sort, and deliver proteins.

small organelle that contains and transports materials within the cytoplasm.

bean-shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and DNA.

organelle that is used to store materials, such as water, food, or enzymes, that are needed by the cell.

organelle that contains enzymes.

small cylinder-shaped organelle made of protein tubes arranged in a circle; aids mitosis.

rigid structure that gives protection, support, and shape to cells in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria.

organelle composed of numerous membranes that are used to convert solar energy into chemical energy; contains chlorophyll.

double-layer of phospholipids that forms a boundary between a cell and the surrounding environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell.

molecule that forms a double-layered cell membrane; consists of a glycerol, a phosphate group, and two fatty acids.

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane.

condition or quality of allowing some, but not all, materials to cross a barrier or membrane.

protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response.

movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input from the cell.

movement of dissolved molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another.

diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

solution that has an equal concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution.

solution that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution.

solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution.

diffusion of molecules assisted by protein channels that pierce a cell membrane.

energy-requiring movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.

uptake of liquids or large molecules into a cell by inward folding of the cell membrane.

uptake of a solid particle into a cell by engulfing the particle; see endocytosis.

release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.

Diffusion

Osmosis

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

What is photosynthesis?

What are the inputs of photosynthesis?

What are the outputs of photosynthesis?

the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food. Oxygen+Glucose = Water + Carbon Dioxide+ATP

the breakdown of food without the use of oxygen. In animal cells, Glucose=Carbon Dioxide + Lactic Acid + ATP

the life cycle of a cell. The three phases are Interphase (DNA copies), Mitosis(Chromosomes separate and form 2 nuclei), and Cytokineses (cytoplasm splits into 2 new cells)

in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA.

chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure.

in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes.

the division of the cytoplasm of a cell to create two daughter cells; animal cells separate by pinching the membrane and plant cells create a cell plate to allow the cell membrane and cell wall to form before separation

Bodies of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division. Two chromatids bound at a centromere make a chromosome.

The region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis.

A structure located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis before separation

DNA is copies and is the first step in the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

First step of mitosis where the chromosomes condense into rodlike structure

Second step of Mitosis, the nuclear membrane dissolves and the chromatids (chromosomes) line up in the center of cell

Third step of Mitosis, the chromatids (chromosomes) are pulled to opposite side of cell by centromere

Fourth step of Mitosis, new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chomatids (chromosomes) and Mitosis is complete

The mechanism of cytoplasmic division in plant cells. Structure that forms that cuts through the cytoplasm, before cell separates, and allows cell membrane and cell wall to form before separation.

a combination of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function in the body

a group of organs that works together to perform specific body functions

a collection of organs that helps the body maintain a stable and healthy internal environment; organs include skin, hair, and nails

a collection of organs whose primary function is movement; organs include muscles and the connective tissue that attaches them to bones

the type of muscle that moves bones and helps protect inner organs

the type of muscle found in the heart

the type of muscle found in the blood vessels and the digestive tract

a collection or organs whose primary function is to support and protect the body; organs include bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

rigid organs that provide support and protection for the body and its organs

a flexible tissue that gives support and protection but is not rigid like bone

the place where two or more bones connect

a collection of organs that transport blood to and from your body's cells; organs include heart, arteries, and veins

blood vessels that carry de-oxygenated blood from the body toward the heart

blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to rest of body

a collection of organs that gather and interpret information about the body's internal and external environment and respond to that information; organs include the brain, nerves, and spinal cord

a specialized cell that sends messages to different parts of the body in the form of fast-moving electrical energy

a collection of organs that collect extracellular fluid and return it to the blood; organs include lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

a collection of organs that break down food so that is can be used in the body; organs include stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine

the breakdown of food into smaller pieces that can be absorbed by the body

the process of removing wastes from the body; this only applies to waste being passed through a membrane in order to leave the body

a collection of glands that control body-fluid balance, growth, and sexual development

a chemical messenger that carries information from one part of an organism to the other

a group of cells that make special chemicals for the body

a collection of organs whose primary function is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide; organs include lungs, throat, and passageways that lead to the lungs

the exchange of gasses between living cells and their environment; includes breathing and cellular respiration

a collection of organs whose primary function is to aid in reproduction; male and female systems are different

a collection of organs that remove waste from the blood; organs include kidneys, ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder

the smallest blood vessels

small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs; oxygen and carbon dioxide are swapped here

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Connective tissue made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

A place in the body where two bones come together

outermost layer of skin

Inner layer of skin

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane (Like A door)

shoulder and hip, allows circular movment

Allows for rotation around the length of a bone, and only allows for rotation. Skull/Neck

allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues

Movement of blood through the body

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body., Neurons

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities. Protects body, absorbs nutrients, filters blood & secretes, SKIN

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move. 3 Types Smooth( organs), Skeletal (movement), and Cardiac (Heart)

Provide structure and support, cushions organs, stores nutrients and connects all of its parts, tendons, ligaments, blood, cartilage

Pressure exerted by the blood upon the walls of the blood vessels, especially arteries, usually measured by means of a sphygmomanometer and expressed in millimeters of mercury.

tissue that connects bone to bone and supports visceral organs

tissue that connects muscle to bone

a phospholipid layer that covers a cell's surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell's environment and allows the movement of substance in/out of cell

one of the small bodies in a cell's cytoplasm that are specialized to perform a specific function

Organelle inside eukaryotic cells that the DNA in the form of chromosomes are stored, it is the brain of the cell where the DNA instructs the cell what to do

a single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles but has loose DNA, cell wall & ribosomes; examples are archaea and bacteria

an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane; eukaryotes include protists, animals, plants, and fungi but not archaea or bacteria

a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell found in plants (cellulose), fungi (chitin), and bacteria cells

a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis where amino acids are assembled into proteins

a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids can be smooth or rough

in eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP or cell energy

a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell

a small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell; forms when part of the cell membrane surrounds the materials to be taken into the cell or transported within the cell

a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes

a group of similar cells that perform a common function

a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

a living thing; anything that can carry out life processes independently

The fluid inside a cell, provided structure for cell and allows organelles to move around

the special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or part

are the food producers of the cell. The organelles are only found in plant cells

organelle that stores water, provides structure and stores other materials found only in plant cells

It is an organelle that stores digestive enzymes and aid in digestion within the cell found in eukaryotic cells

female sex cells

located on chromosomes and carry hereditary instructions (made of two alleles)

science of biological inheritance

passing of traits from one generation to the next

chromosomes with matching information and the same genes and structure

nuclear division in eukaryotic cells in which each cell receives a copy of the original chromosomes

male sex cells

the physical structure that contains the DNA molecule where the genes are located

general feature in a population like hair color or eye color

the specific expression of a characteristic derived from genes like blond or brown hair or blue eyes

the process of cell division for prokarytoic cells where the cell grows larger and then splits in two

a method of problem solving involving observation to test a hypothesis

an educated predicted answer that answers your question

testing an idea or hypothesis through a controlled investigation

a standard against which other conditions can be compared in an experiment

the factor being tested and can change

the act of making and recording measurements; the act of noticing or paying attention

drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of observations

a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn

a coherent group of propositions or descriptions formulated to explain a group of facts or phenomena in the natural world and repeatedly confirmed through experiment or observation and accepted by the majority as fact.

a generalization that describes recurring facts or events in nature; accepted as true throughout the scientific community

or responding variable the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

or manipulated variable, the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

a set sequence of steps to complete an experiment to answer a question

the abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts in order to study the parts and their relations to better understand the whole.

is observable clues and data that can be used to prove or disprove something

an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug

is using the science of machines to solve a problem or create a product.

a statement made about the future based on experience or observations.

the entire physical universe

to compare the characteristics of something with a standard

is the study of nature and the physical world using the scientific method

to alter something already written or printed, in order to make corrections, improve, or update

the "building blocks" of organisms, basic unit of life has, has DNA, organelles, a membrane and cytoplasm

can be complex or simple, made up of sugar molecules linked together, used for energy in organisms and a complex sugar is called a starch

a change that affects the activity of an organism

a fat or oil molecule or a molecule that has similar properties that does not mix with water and it stores energy for the cells

reproduction in which the sex cells from two parents unite to produce offspring that share traits from both parents

a large molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body

reproduction that does not involve the union of sex cells and which one parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

a molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes

a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membrane

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism and it generates the heat needed for homeostatis

a molecule made up of subunits called nucleotides and is found in DNA

the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment, like human body temerature

an organism that can make its own food by using energy from its surroundings

an organism that eats other organisms or organic matter

an organism that gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal wastes and consuming or absorbing the nutrients

The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment

the organ system whose primary function is to support and protect the body and to allow the body to move

a place where two or more bones meet

the organ system whose primary function is movement and flexibility

the organ system that forms a protective covering on the outside of the body

is the system of an organism's body that performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes

the surface layer of cells on a plant or animal

is the layer of skin below the epidermis

receives and sends electrical messages throughout your body.

returns leaked fluids to blood vessels and helps get rid of bacteria and viruses

The reproductive system that produces and delivers sperm

The reproductive system that produces eggs and nourishes and protects the fetus

your glands send out chemical messages. Ovaries and testes are part of this system.

breaks down the food you eat into nutrients that your body can absorb

your heart pumps blood through all of your blood vessels

your lungs absorb oxygen release carbon dioxide

is a group of organs that work together to perform body functions, activities, or tasks.

a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's organs

a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart

the flow of blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart through the network of pulmonary arteries, capillaries, and veins

the movement of blood from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart

shoulder and hip, 360 rotation

allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radiuslna and humerus

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

The smallest vessels where materials are exchanged between the blood and body cells.

A connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended.

receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated.

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta

Chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into systemic circulation.

Carries deoxygentated blood from the heart to the lungs

Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

the maintenance of a stable internal environment that all the human organ systems work together to achieve

organ system, regulates body processes through hormone production

organ system, gas exchange between the internal and external environment

organ system, physical and chemical breakdown of food to aloow absorption of nutrients

organ system, production of reproductive cells that will generate offspring

organ system, protection against the external environment and regulation of temperature

organ system, does voluntary and involuntary movement, enables movement

organ system, processing center for sensory input, using the input to elicit appropriate responses

organ system, circulation of blood, which transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes

organ system, circulation of lymph, which maintains fluid balance and helps fight infection

organ system, filtration of blood and excretion of wastes from the body

organ system, support and protection of many internal organs

this attaches bones together

this attached skeletal muscles to bones

is a bone where marrow is. blood cells are made in the marrow of this bone.

these muscles are involuntary

this muscle is voluntary

muscle usually attached to the skeleton

muscle found in the walls of the heart

muscles found in walls of internal organs and blood vessels

the major organ/muscle of the cardiovascular system

organ pumps blood through four chambers

the bottom chambers of the heart

the top chambers of the heart

circulation where blood is pumped to the lungs and back, getting oxygenated in the process

circulation where blood is pumped to the whole body starting in the aorta and then come back to the heart

one way door like structures that regulate the flow of blood between the chambers of the heart

prevents the backwards flow of blood

blood vessels that carry clood away from the heart, to the organs of the body

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart and away from the body's organs

small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs

the fluid that circulates in the heart and blood vessels to carry oxygen to organs

cells that contain hemoglobin

an iron rich protein that carries oxygen, found in red blood cells

function in the immune system, helps fight against foreign particles

help in blood clotting

fluid of the blood made mostly of water

organ that helps to filter toxins in the blood

the four main blood types

organ chews and grinds food

organ where saliva begins chemical breakdown of food

pipe connecting mouth to the stomach

organ secretes an extraordinarily strong acid (ph=2) that leads to the breakdown of food

substance formed when food is broken down in the stomach and mixed with digestive juices

organ that produces the hormone insulin that regulates blood sugar levels

organ that helps neutralie stomach acid

organ that PRODUCES bile, which breaks down fats in food

pouch-like organ that STORES bile for future use

chyme enters this organ after digestion is complete where it is absorbed into the bloodstream

this is what chyme is propelled by. these are folded surfaces located in the small intestine

removes water from the chyme and gets the waste ready from excretion

internal entry and exit point for air

serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat

your "voicebox"

your "windpipe"

you speak because of this organ when air passes over the vocal chords

connects the pharynx to the lungs