Unit 2

What term refers to the cognitive process of encoding, storing, and retrieving of information?

How many theories of memory exist in Western Psychology?

What study, conducted in 1968, proposed the Multi-Store Model of Memory, stating that memory has 3 stages defined by their duration and its capacity?

What stage of the Multi-Store Model lasts a few seconds with a capacity pertaining to whatever can be seen/heard immediately? (Needs attention to move to the next stage)

What stage of the Multi-Store Model lasts 30 seconds with a capacity to intake between 5-9 chunks of information? (Needs rehearsal to move to the next stage)

What stage of the Multi-Store Model has an unestablished duration and capacity, with an unlimited potential for both?

What study, conducted in 1966, proposed the serial position effect, stating that people tend to remember the first few words and last few words when presented a list of words?

What effect pertains to the first few words on the list?

What effect pertains to the last few words on the list?

What word refers to the ability of the Multi-Store Model to explain observed data simply? (one of its strengths)

What word refers to the ability of the Multi-Store Model to simplify problem-solving?

What are some weaknesses of the Multi-Store Model?

What study, conducted in 1974, created the Working Memory Model, focusing on Short-Term Memory?

What part of the Working Memory Model holds visual and spatial information?

What part of the Working Memory Model holds auditory information?

What part of the phonological loop holds sound passively, otherwise known as your inner ear?

What part of the phonological loop rehearses and increases duration in memory, otherwise known as your inner voice?

What part of the Working Memory Model allocates resources between the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop, also dealing with problem-solving?

What part of the Working Memory Model integrates information from the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop and links it to your long-term memory?

What effect that supports the Working Memory Model states that phonologically similar letters are more difficult to remember than lists of letters that don’t sound similar?

What effect states that the capacity of Short-Term Memory greater for shorter words than for longer words?

What is a strength of the Working Memory Model? What’s a weakness?

What term refers to the stable-deeply rooted mental representation that influences your knowledge, beliefs, and expectations?

What type of schema relates to groups of people?

What type of schema relates to yourself?

What type of schema relates to a sequence of events?

What study, conducted in 1978, studied how schemas influence memory retrieval by asking participants to recall a story of a house under the role of a homebuyer or burglar?

What did Anderson and Pichert (1978) showed?

What study, conducted in 1983, studied the effects of social schemas in which 2 groups of participants were asked to watch a video of a girl taking a test, though they were told differences on her economic background?

What did Darley and Gross (1983) show?

What study, conducted in 1979, studied the effects of scripts, in which participants were asked to read short texts describing event sequences then asked to recall them?

What did Bower, Black, and Turner (1979) show?

What kinds of models describe ideal thinking, resulting in correct choices?

What kinds of models describe thinking as biased, limited, and flawed?

What type of model does Psychology focus on?

What study, conducted in 1985, hypothesized the Theory of Planned Behavior? (predicted behavior)

What makes up the Theory of Planned Behavior? (perception, societal expectations, ability to perform = effort towards behavior)

What study, conducted in 2001, was a meta-analysis of the TPB as a model of condom use, showing that the TPB predicted condom use accurately by 50%? (58 studies, 30,270 participants)

What study, conducted in 1993, hypothesized the Adaptive Decision-Maker Framework (ADMF)? (Toolbox of strategies)

What study, conducted in 1997, studied how decision-making adapts to emotions, involving 27 college students deciding which of 5 candidate children deserve financial support?

What did Luce, Bettman, and Payne (1997) show?

What theory states that memory is a recreation of an event every time it’s remembered, with two kinds of information, being information obtained during the event and post-event information?

What study corresponds to the Theory of Reconstructive Memory?

What study, conducted in 2003, differentiated between two hypothetical systems of thinking, System 1 involving fast, emotional, unconscious thinking and System 2 involving logical, rule-based, conscious thinking (System 1 is heuristic)?

What system leads to cognitive biases?

What do limited information focus (framing effect, loss aversion), seeking info that confirms beliefs (confirmation bias, illusory correlation), and avoiding stress of inconsistent ideas (cognitive dissonance) all cause?

What theory stated that people are motivated by gains and losses equally?

What theory argues against utility theory?

What study, conducted in 1979, refuted utility theory, arguing that humans assign more value and emotion to losses than to gains?

What study, conducted in 1981, studied the framing effect, in which 307 college students were subjected to a survey with the same question framed in different ways?

What did Tversky and Kahneman (1981) show?

What study, conducted in 1969, studied illusory correlation, in which 32 established psychologists were subjected to Rorschach tests to “identify” signs of homosexuality?

What study, conducted in 1977, hypothesied the Theory of Flashbulb Memory (vivid emotional memory)?

How should the event be for it to be a flashbulb memory? (Mechanism of formation)

What type of rehearsal pertains to conversations with others?

What type of rehearsal pertains to the replaying of events in your own mind?

What study focused on what makes something a flashbulb memory, involving the surveying of 20 white and 20 black participants on political events and later asked to recall and rate these events?

What did Brown and Kulik (1977) show?

What are some weaknesses of Brown and Kulik (1977)?

What study, conducted in 1992, studied the memories of the Challenger Space Shuttle explosion, asking 106 participants to describe details of the event 1 day and 3 years after the event? (Mean confidence 83% but 42% for consistency)

What did Neisser and Harsch (1992) show?

What study, conducted in 2007, studied if videogames strengthened surgeons’ skills, focusing on 33 laparascopic surgeons playing 3 fast-reaction games for 25 minutes?

What did Rosser (2007) show?

What were the results of a survey to measure videogame playing in surgeons who played more than 3 hours per week?

What study, conducted in 2012, studies the effects of science learning, involving 60 college students in 2 groups to play games that boost spatial training and to not; then they had to write an essay on a text about plate tectonics?

What did Sanchez (2012) show?