Unit 5

What kind of approach focuses on structural changes in the brain?

What kind if approach focuses on development of skills (function)?

What kind of approach focuses on environmental influences?

What term, as one of the 4 stages of structural changes, refers to the production of new neurons? (Completed before birth)

What term, as one of the 4 stages of structural changes, occurs between 4-6 months gestation?

What term, as one of the 4 stages of structural changes, allows for the development of connections? (Begins at conception, plateaus at 2 years old)

What term, as one of the 4 stages of structural changes, eliminates unused connections?

What study, conducted in 1999, by studying children aged 0-12 months using PET scans to detect glucose metabolism, found that the 1st year of life, structural chamges correspond to function development?

In what period of early life is the activity of babies limited to sensory and motor cortex with limited behavior?

In what period of early life is the activity of babies increased to functions involving visual and spatial information?

In what period of early life is the activity of babies increased to more complex behaviors like walking and talking?

What study, conducted in 1981, found that infants can discriminate between phonemes of foreign languages, by using english speaking adults, hindi speaking adults, and 6-7 month infants?

What term refers to the conditioning of infants to turn their head when a stimulus changes?

What are limitations to developmental neuroscience (early life)?

What term refers to the theory of how knowledge develops? (based on assumptions that child cognition differs from adult cognition and children progress through clear stages?

What stage of development proposed by Piaget ranges between birth and 2 years with the only functions available being sensations and movement?

What term refers to the realization that an object still exists even if you can’t see it?

What stage of development proposed by Piaget ranges between 2-7 years old and limits functions to limited literal reasoning and pattern recognition? (Egocentrism, Animistic thinking, Centration, Irreversibility, and Artificialism)

What term refers to the inability to recognize that quantity stays the same even if shape changes?

What study, conducted in 1956, found that most 4 year olds are egocentric while most 6 year olds are not? (3 mountains task, younger child chose image based on what they could see, not what the doll could see)

What study, conducted in 1975 altered the 3 mountains task with a turn table and a recognizable doll, allowing 4 year olds to successfullt complete the task?

What stage of development proposed by Piaget ranges between 7-11 years old with a capability to complete mental operations?

What stage of development proposed by Piaget ranges past 12 years of age with a capacity of learning more abstract topics like algebra and metacognition?

What theory, created by Vygotsky, views cognitive development as a process of internalizing culture through social interactions and language?

What step of the Zone of Proximal Development can be done independently?

What step of the Zone of Proximal Development can be done with help?

What step of the Zone of Proximal Development cannot be done?

What term refers to the understanding of what someone else is experiencing? (Cognitive and Emotional components)

What theory claims to the understanding of another person’s beliefs, intentions, and perspectives? (Cognitive component only)

What study, conducted in 2016, found that great apes can understand false beliefs? (used eye-tracking technology?

What study, conducted in 1995, found that even very young humans can understand the intentions of others, by observing how 40 18-month olds successfully completed a task even at the sight of an adult messing up?

What study, conducted in 1985, found that by the age of 4-5, children understand false beliefs (not applicable for those with autism)? (Sally-Anne Task)

What study, conducted in 1980, found that injecting testosterone into prenatal female rats increased their male-typical behavior?

What study, conducted in 2004, studied girls with CAH, causing them to have high levels of testosterone?

What theory has 3 stages pertaining to gender in children?

What stage of Kohlberg’s Developmental Theory of Gender begins at 2 years old, characterized by identifiying patterns pertaining to gender?

What stage of Kohlberg’s Developmental Theory of Gender begins at 4 years old, characterized by the stability of gender patterns?

What stage of Kohlberg’s Developmental Theory of Gender begins at 5-7 years old, characterized by the stability of gender regardless of context?

What study, conducted in 1975, states that as gender constancy is achieved, children pay more attention to same-sex models? (Interview, Video, Eye Fixation)

What study, conducted in 1989, states that younger children base their gender judgment solely on sex whereas older children use other info?

What study, conducted in 1988, shows that gender-related differences in behavior are more obvious when children play in segragated groups based on sex?

What were the results of part 1 of Harlow (1958)? (8 rhesus monkeys, half with cloth mother and other with wire mother, monkeys preferred cloth mother)

What were the results of part 2 to Harlow (1958)? (Rhesus monkeys in room either alone, with wire mother and with cloth mother, cloth mother allowed them to explore more because they felt more comfortable to do so)

What rerm refers to a negative, usually one-time event?

What term refers to the continuous exposure to adverse circumstances?

What study, conducted in 2011, studies traumatic war-related experiences of children in the Gaza strip and how parental resilience affects child resilience? (resilient children had more support from parents, resulting in lack of PTSD)

What longitudinal study study, conducted in 2013, studied war-affected Sierra Leone 10-17 year old individuals, which claims that all children are resilient to some extent?

What study, conducted in 1997, identified outcomes of poverty, being physical health, cognitive ability, school achievement, and emotional and behavioral outcomes?

What theory claims that leading mechanisms of poverty are related to family interactions, like parenting styles?

What theory claims that leading mechanisms of poverty are related to material goods like nutrition and learning opportunities?

What longitudinal study, conducted in the Smoky Mountains in 2003, shows that the opening of a casino affected externalizing factors in ex-poor children?