BIO 120 Exam 2 Molumby

Atmospheric CO2 is increasing True or False

This observatory in Hawaii directly measures CO2 in the atmosphere

This can provide direct measurements of atmospheric gasses including greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.

the energy from natural resources that are replenished on a human timescale

solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, tidal energy

fossil fuel (petroleum and coal)

how to mitigae climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emmisions?

A key component of amino acids (building blocks of proteins) and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

building blocks of proteins

DNA and RNA

Although nitrogen makes up a large part of the atmosphere, it exists primarily as dinitrogen gas (N2), which most organisms cannot utilize directly

Rhizobium bacteria that live symbiotically with legumes and some species of soil bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form - ______ _______

what are the only known organisms that are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen?

Without this we wouldn't be able to survive

The movement and transformation of chemical elements and compounds between the biosphere, the atmosphere, and the hydrosphere and the earth's crust

The ________ ________ regulates climate and enables the formation of organic molecules essential for all life

The ______ ______ enables atmospheric nitrogen to be converted into forms that plants and other organisms can use

The ______ _______ is important for protein synthesis and enzyme function- sulfur is an essential element for life

The ______ _______ is essential for nucleic acids and ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is vital for energy transfer in cells (Unlike other cycles, it does not have a significant atmospheric component and mostly cycles through soils, rocks, and water!)

what protects us from the sun's rays (UV rays)?

Humans created it, found in products such as refrigirators, air conditionrs, and spray cans, harmful to the ozone layer,

chlorine is doing this to the ozone layer making holes in it. what is it called?

this is a treaty to phase out CFCs and other ozone depleting chemicals

this landmass provides a huge amount of plant biomass and a lack of oxygen prevents decay so the organic matter can actually get buried

this needs to be buried quickly before it decays, once it is buried and compressed, the heat and the pressure transform this into coal and oil.

An approach to understanding and treating diseases by applying principles of evolutionary biology
explores how evolutionary processes—such as natural selection, genetic variation, and adaptation—shape the ways organisms, including pathogens, humans, and even disease vectors, interact over time
provides insights into why certain diseases persist, why some treatments fail or succeed, and how we can design more effective prevention and treatment strategies

Developing drug regimens that minimize resistance (e.g., HIV/AIDS treatment)
Designing vaccines that anticipate pathogen evolution (e.g., flu vaccines and COVID-19 booster shots)
Understanding genetic disorders and hereditary diseases
Understanding how pathogens evolve resistance to antibiotics (e.g., MRSA) and hosts evolve resistance to pesticides (e.g., for control of malaria)

the sex that produces the smaller, more mobile gamete
Sperm for animals, pollen for plants

the sex that produces the larger, more nutrient rich gamete
Eggs in animals, ovules in plants

Produces type A blood by adding A antigens on the surface of red blood cells

Produces type B blood by adding B antigens on the surface of red blood cells

Does not produce any antigens, leading to type O blood

This allele is recessive, so it only produces type O blood if a person has 2 of these alleles

Can have IAIA or IAi genotype

Can have IBIB or IBi genotype

Has IAIB genotype.

Has ii genotype

When the soil pH is low (acidic), the flower color will be blue; when the soil pH is high (alkaline), the flower color will be pink. This is because the color pigments in hydrangeas are influenced by the amount of aluminum that is available in the soil. Aluminum is more available in acidic soil than in alkaline soil, which leads to the blue color. When soil is alkaline, the amount of aluminum is reduced, leading to a pink color.

Light exposure, temperature, nutrient levels, and water availability are just a few more factors

Light intensity and duration can impact what?

Temperature can affect enzymatic activity related to what?

Nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as trace elements like magnesium and iron, can influence what?

Water stress can sometimes lead to what?

A ______ ______ is an organism or cell that is an exact genetic copy of another organism or cell. In other words, the DNA sequence of a genetic clone is identical to that of the original.

Read the futyuma chapter chatgpt it

Have a good understanding of the genetic worksheet. Know how to do all the problems.

______ _____ traits are those controlled by genes located on the sex chromosomes, which are the X and Y chromosomes in humans.

Most sex-linked traits are found on the ___ chromosome because it is much larger and carries more genes than the other chromosome

Traits on the ___ chromosome are ___-linked and only affect males, but these are much more rare

Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, so if a gene on their single X chromosome has a mutation, there’s no second X to mask it. This makes males more likely to express X-linked recessive traits (e.g., color blindness, hemophilia).

Females have two X chromosomes, so they have two copies of each gene on the X. For a recessive X-linked trait to show up in females, they need to inherit the trait from both parents. Otherwise, one normal X can often "cover" for a defective gene on the other X.

Do you remember how to calculate allele frequency? How about genotype frequency?

The proportion of genes that are a specific allele at a given locus.
To calculate: count the number of alleles of one type in the population and divide by the total.

To go directly from # of individuals and their respective genotypes to allele frequencies:
P = ((#AA + 1/2 * (#Aa))/total)
Q = ((#aa + 1/2 (#Aa))/total)
Where #AA is the number of homozygous dominant individuals, #Aa is number of heterozygotes, and #aa is the number of recessive homozygotes.
Example: population= 113 AA individuals, 117 Aa individuals, and 61aa individuals.
P= (113 + ½(117)/ 291= 0.59
q= (61 + ½(117)/ 291= 0.41

P^2 + 2Pq + q^2 = 1

If there are only 2 alleles for a trait in a population then we use the above equation

P = frequency of homozygous DOMINANT genotype
2Pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype
q^2 = frequency of homozygous RECESSIVE genotype

body parts in different species that look similar because they come from a shared ancestor, even if they now serve different purposes
Imagine a basic "template" that got adapted for different jobs
This similarity in bone layout happens because all these animals share a distant common ancestor with this basic limb structure

when a trait has evolved more than once and is possessed by two species but is not present in the common ancestor
Example: the wings of a bird and the wings of a butterfly

TRUE OF FALSEEvolution is always a slow, gradual process

_______ often arise from errors during DNA replication or from exposure to environmental factors like radiation or chemicals, leading to changes in the DNA sequence

________ never happen for the good of the species- they are random and spontaneous! There may be a mutation that by chance is beneficial, but the mutation did not occur to help the species

READ SLIDE 52

a random process that changes the frequency of alleles (different versions of a gene) in a population over time. Unlike natural selection, which changes allele frequencies based on how well they help an organism survive and reproduce, ________ ________ happens by chance. It can lead to the loss or fixation of alleles. 

a method used to estimate the time of divergence between species by looking at the rate at which genetic mutations accumulate over time.

_______ are agents of radiative forcing and affect the climate!

________ released by industry, such as soot and particulate matter, generally have a cooling effect on the climate

reflect and scatter sunlight back into space, reducing the amount of solar energy that reaches Earth's surface. This process is known as 

READ CHAPTER 18 IN THE TEXTBOOK!!
You should know about the fossil record of elephants

A __________ happens when a large population suddenly shrinks due to a disaster or other drastic event, like a natural disaster, disease, or human hunting

The _________ effect happens when a small group of individuals leaves a larger population and starts a new population in a different place
This small "_________" group may not represent the full genetic diversity of the original population, so the new population has different allele frequencies and less diversity from the start

_______ _______ shows that whales evolved from land-dwelling, four-legged mammals, with transitional forms like Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, and Dorudon providing clear evidence of their evolutionary journey from land to sea.