IPHY 3410 Exam 1

List the four types of tissues found in the body, and list their general function.

A group of similar cells and their binding extracellular matrix joined to perform the same function.

What are the three types of cells junctions?

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

Anchoring juncitons that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; button like thickening of adjacent plasma membranes connected by fine protein filaments

Hydrophilic pores that allow the direct passage of ions and particles between two adjacent cells

Tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities

What are the 7 characteristics of epithelial tissue that distinguish it from other types of tissue?

Name the side of an epithelial cell that faces the outer body, a body cavity, or the lumen of an internal organ or duct. What two special features does it have?

Name the opposite of apical surface, deepest layer of epithelial cell; hemidesmosomes anchor the epithelium to the basement membrane

The layering of epithelium cells is described by what two classifications and what do they mean?

A thin sheet of protein that underlies an epithelium

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorption, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

What are the three shapes that epithelium tissues can have?

Single layer of flat cells with disk-like nuclei, specialized in diffusion and filtration (can be found in lungs as air sacs, blood vessels, lining of heart, lining of ventral body cavity)

Single layer of cube-shaped cells with spherial and centrally located nuclei. Forms the secretory cells of many glands, the walls of the smallest ducts of glands, and the walls of many tubules in the kidney, ovary surface, secretory portions of small glands. (Its function is the same as simple columnar).

Single layer of tall cylinder shape cells. Lines digits tube from the stomach to the rectum. Functions in the active movement of molecues (absorption and secretion). Also found in uterine tube, gall bladder, excretory ducts of some glands

Not truly stratefied, all cells attached to basement membrane in single layer; not all extend to apical surface. Location: Trachea, most of upper respitory tract

Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened. Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion. Location: (nonkeratinized) moist linings of esophagus, mouth, vagina

Two layers of cube-like cells. Function: protection. Location: largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands

Several cell layers basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar. Function: Protection, secretion. Location: Rare in body; small amount in male urethra and in large ducts of small glands

Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells dome shaped or squamous-like depending on degree of organ stretch. Function: Stretches readily and permits destension of urinary organ by contained urine. Location: Lines uterus, bladder, and part of urethra

Make up the glands of the body

"External secretion," secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to the surface of the epithelium, other organs or out of the body. (ex: sweat glands, oil glands, salivary glands of the mouth, liver, pancreas, mammary glands, etc.)

"Internal secretion," series of ductless glands that make up the endocrine system; release chemicals/hormones directly into hte bloodstream where they relay messages to other parts of the body

What are the two basic parts of a multicellular exocrine gland?

What are the two classifications of multicellular glands and describe their major difference

What are the categories of the secretory units for simple and compound glands?

Secretory cells that form tubes

Secretory glands that form spherical sacs

A primary tissue; form and function vary widely, but all contain a large amount of extracellular matrix; fxn include support, holding tissue fluid, and protection form disease

What are the four types of connective tissue?

What are the two subclasses of CT proper (very general)?

What are the three different classifications of loose CT?

What are the three different classifications of dense CT?

What cells make up CT proper?

What are the general features of CT proper?

What is the matrix of CT proper like?

What are the fiber types associated with CT proper?

What are the subclasses of cartilage?

What cells are associated with cartilage?

What is the matrix of the cartilage like?

What are the two fibers found in cartilage?

What are teh general features/functions of cartilage?

What are the subcljasses of bone tissue?

What cells are associated with bone tissue?

What is the matrix of bone tissue like? Fibers?

General features/functions of bone tissue?

What cells are associated with blood?

What is the matrix of blood like? Fibers?

General features/functions of blood?

What are the main functions of CT?

What are the special characteristics of CT?

What is the most wide spread CT proper? Where can it be found?

What are the basic features of Areolar CT?

What fibers does Areolar CT extracellular matrix contain that make it good for support?

What cells/features are associated with Adipose tissue? Where does this occur?

What defense cell types are found in Areolar CT?

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

The substance that weakly holds wound edges together during the first five days of first intention healing is...

A CT cell containing secretory granyles that initiate and mediate local inflammatory responses

Most abundant type of white blood cell; a granulocyte specialised for destroying bacteria

Granular white blood cell whose granules readily take up a pink dye called eosin; helps end allergy reaction and fights parasites

The general phagocytic cells of the body, capable of engulfing and digesting a wide variety of foreign cells, particles, and molecules; present throughout CT of the body and especially abundant in lymphoid tissues of the immune system

How would you describe the layout of reticular loose CT, where is it, and functions?

Describe dense regular CT, fibers, and what is its major cell type?

What is the function of dense regular CT?

Where is dense regular CT located?

Fibrous sheet connecting a muscle to the body part it moves

Describe dense irregular CT, fibers, and what is its major cell type?

What is the function of dense irregular CT?

Where is dense irregular CT located?

Describe dense elastic CT

What is the function of dense elastic CT?

Where can you find dense elastic CT?

Cartilage type, has amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imerceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (condrocytes), lie in lacunae

What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?

Where can you find hyaline cartilage?

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix

Where would you find elastic cartilage?

Matrix is similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

Where would you find fibrocartilage?

This is an extreme example of dystrophic calcifications that result in dysfunctional soft tissue repair; autosomal dominant mutation and usually results in early death. Bone tissue replaces CT and muscle tissue

What are the three subclasses of muscle tissue?

Describe skeletal muscle cells, and functions

Bring about most kinds of body movement. Most __ cells are called __ fiber. They have elongated shape and contract forcefully as they shorten. Contain many filaments, cellular organelles filled with actin and myosin filaments that bring about contraction in all cell types. There are three subclasses: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Describe the cells of cardiac muscle tissue

Descrobe the cells of smooth muscle tissue. Where can it be found? Function?

Moist, slippery membrane that lines internal body cavities (pleural - lines lungs; pericardial - lines heart; peritoneal cavities - abdominopelvic organs and cavity) and covers visceral organs within these cavities; aka serosa. (Surrounds outside of organs and lines body caviites)

Lines organs that open to outside of body (i.e. stomach); aka mucosa

What is the membrane name for skin, epidermis (epitheliem) + dermis (CT)?

What are the three main lining/covering membrane types?

What are the two layers of the serous membrane?

Epithelial cell secrete lubricating __ fluid

What are the functions of integument (skin)?

List the three basic layers of he integument from surface to base

What are teh two layers of the dermis?

What four distinct cell types can be found in the epidermis?

Most abundant (90%) type of cell found in the epidermins. Produces keratin. Connected by desmosomes. New cells produced at basal surface, oldest cells on apical surface, replaced every 35 to 45 days

What are the four layers that can be found in 'thin skin' of the epidermis? List from surface to dermis

What are the five layers that can be found in 'thick skin' regions of the epidermis? List from surface to dermis

Pigment/melanin producing cells. Found in basale layer ONLY. Are transported to adjacent keratinocytes via melanin granules which protect the skin from UV light (~10%-25%)

Sensory touch receptors. Has been associated with nerve endings (highly concentrated in certain areas of the body). Cells in the epidermis that attach to sensory neurons and function in the sensation of touch

Phagocytic cells (engulf foreign material). Primarily in stratum spinosum. Protect deeper organ from bacteria

Most superficial layer of the epidermis. 20-30 layers of dead cells represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space

Under the stratum corneum, and above the stratum spinosum. One to five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellar granules (release lipids) and keratohyline granules

Under the stratum granulosum layer, above stratum basale. Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes. Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers. See occasional melanocytes, Merkel, and dendritic/Langerhans cells

Also called a subcutaneous layer/superficial fascia, this is a layer of fat located under the dermis of the skin. Contains areolar and adipose loose CT. The __ helps to insulate teh body and protects underlying muscles and other structues

What are the appendages of the skin?

What are the nervous structures found in the skin?

What are teh three region of hair? List deepest to exposed on surface

Where would you find course hair? Fine hair?

What are the three sections of hair? (center of hair, radiating out to outer) Include description

What are teh dermal component and epidermal component of the wall of the hair follicle listed from external to internal?

(Fibrous sheath) This connective tissue sheath is derived from the dermis. It forms the external layer of the follicle wall

Is at the junction of the fibrous sheath and epithelial rooth sheath. It is the essence of the basement membrane of the follicle epithelium

Is derived from the epidermis. It has two components: the external root sheath, a direct continuation of the epidermis; and the internal root sheath, which is derived from the matrix cells

Produece pigment granules hair papillai capillary rich structure of CT; provides nutrients to quickly dividing cells

Why is some hair curly/wavy/straight?

What are the three regions of nails?

Actively growing layer of cells that are added to the root of the nail

What is the white crescent of the nail caled? What about the proximal nail fold projects onto the nail body?

Sweat glands (including mammary glands). Prevent overheating of body. Two types: 1. Eccrine: most common, empty on the body surface. 2. Apocrine (smelly): axillary genital and anal areas. Stimulated by androgens. Open into hair follicle

What are the two types of sudoriferous (sweat) glands? Describe them

Oil glands. Secrete sebum into hair follicle. Stimulated by androgens (hormones). Soften and lubricate skin. Not found on palms of hands or bottoms of feet

1st degree burns damage

2nd degree burns damage

3rd degree burns damage

What are the two components of skeletal tissue?

What are the four classifications of bones by shape?

What are the functions of bone?

What is the macrostructure (gross anatomy) of long bone?

Shaft of a long bone

"Marrow cavity." Cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

End of long bone

The joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the...

A band of cartilage (hyaline) found between the diaphysis and epiphyses of long bones during childhood and adolescence. During childhood, it is the 'growth plate,' and lengthens the bone

CT membrane, covers the entire outer surface of each bone except on the ends of tehepiphyses, where articular cartilage occurs. Has two layers: superficial layer = dense irregular CT, deep layer = ostergenic (contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts)

A thin layer of CT membrane that covers internal bone surfaces, in particular is covers trabeculae of spongy bones, lines the central canals of osteons. It is osteogenic

Containing both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Bone forming cells, produces collagen (lays down organic osteoid)

Bone-destroying cells by producing and secreting HCl

Gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as a storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells. What subclass of loose CT would you find here?

Located within the spongy bone, is hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes

What are the three main cells found in bones?

Mature bone cell

What is the extracellular matrix of compact bone composed of?

What are specialized structures of compact bone that spongy bone lacks?

What bone structures make up compact bone?

What cells and structures are typically found in spongy bone?

A structural unit of compact bone consisting of a central canal surrounded by concentric cylindrical lamellae of matrix

What is the name of the opening in the center of an osteon that carries veins, arteries, and nerves?

Layers of bone matrix ('rings like on a tree trunk')

'Little lakes,' small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

'Spider legs.' These little canals run through the matrix of compact and spongy bone, connecting neighboring lacunae to one another and to the nearest capillaries such as the central canal (compact) or in the spongy bone. Osteocytes recieve their nutrients from capillaries in the endosteum, surround the trabecula via connections through the...

Aka, Perforating Canals. Canals that run at right angles to the long axis of the bone, connecting the vascular and nerve supplies of the periosteum to those of the central canals and medullary cavity

Aka, Intersititial Systems. Incomplete groups of lamellae lies between osteons. These are simply remains of old osteons that have been cut through bone remodeling

Occur in the external and internal surfaces of the layer of compact bone; each of these lamellae extends around the entire circumference of the diaphysis. Functioning like an osteon by on a much larger scale, it effectively resists twisting of the entire long bone

It is made within fibrous connective tissue membrane and does not use the cartilage model. It is responsible for primarily bone healing of fractures. All bones of the skull and collarbone fall in this category. Flat bone occurs from it.

The most common bone formation process, which involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage (developed by mesenchyme) with bone. Starts second month of development and is not completed until early adulthood

The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resporation and osteoclast activity, and later, reactive bone formation by osteoblast activity

What are the stages in the healing of a bone fracture?

Blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone

Occurs after fracture hematome. Few days past, new blood vessels grow into the clot. The periosteum and endosteum neat the fracture site show a proliferation of osteroblast, which invade the clot, filling it with repair tissue called soft callus. Soft callus is at first fibrous tissue as it accomulates, becomes dense CT containing fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

Third step of fracture healing. Within a week, trabeculae of new bone begin to form in the callus, mostly by endochondral ossification. Trabeculae span the width of the callus and unite th two fragments of the broken bone. The callus is now called __ __, its trabeculae grow thicker and stronger and become firm about 2 months after injury

The last step of healing a broken bone. Over a period of months, the bony callus is remodeled. The excess bony material is removed from both the exterior of the bone shaft and the interior of the medullary cavity. Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct the shaft walls. The repaired area resembles the original unbroken bone region, because it responds to the same set of mechanical stresses

Osteoporosis is associated with an elevated number of __, and as a result, resorption outpaces bone deposit. Usually occurs with age, and due to mineral/nutrient deficiencies (usually lack of Ca2+ and vitamin D)

Poor mineralzation of bones causing them to be soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed. (Children who get this is usually diagnose as Rickets) bowed legs. Calcification does not occur and bones soften and weaken

Bone disorder in which healthy bone is repidly reabsorbed and replaced with fibrous connective tissue

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it

What features are common and unique to all muscle tissue?

What are the functions of muscle tissues?

What are the generalized features of a muscle cell?

Plasma membrane of muscle fiber/cell

The cytopalsm of a muscle fiber/cell

Cytoskeletal units. Thin (actin) filaments, thick (myosin) filament. Are filaments of myofibrils, constructed from proteins, principally myosin or actin

Layer of aerolar CT that ensheaths each individual muscle fiber/cell (aka myocyte). It also contains capillaries and nerves. It overlies the muscle fiber's cell membrane: teh sacrolemma

A small/slender bundle of structures each as nerve or muscle fibers

A sheath of dense CT surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers (fascicle)

Ability to respond to NS (mtr signal)

Muscle contract and shorten

Mtr signal and contraction of muscle stops and muscle is pulled back to resting length by antagonist (another muscle and/or gravity)

Muscle is pulled beyond resting length by antagonistic muscles and is able to regain resting length after being stretched (like spring/coil)