1What time period marks the Middle Ages?
450–1450
2Who held a tight grip on most facets of society during the Middle Ages?
The Catholic Church
3Who were the most important musicians in the Middle Ages?
Priests
4Were women allowed to sing in church during the Middle Ages?
No
5Where did women make music during the Middle Ages?
Convents
6What is Gregorian Chant?
Melody set to sacred Latin texts and sung without accompaniment
7What texture does Gregorian Chant have?
Monophonic
8What is polyphony?
Musical texture with two or more simultaneous independent melodies
9How did additional voices behave in polyphony?
They developed their own melodic shapes
10What city was the center of polyphonic music in the late Middle Ages?
Paris
11What is the School of Notre Dame known for?
Polyphony and measured rhythm
12What is measured rhythm?
Clearly defined meter and definite time values
13Who were troubadours, trouveres, and trobairitz?
Poet-composers active in noble courts and towns
14What were minstrels?
Performers of music and entertainment with no civil rights
15What is monophonic texture?
A single melodic line without accompaniment
16What is polyphonic texture?
Multiple independent melodic lines performed simultaneously
17What is homophonic texture?
Melody with accompanying harmony
18What is a drone in music?
A continuous, sustained note or tone
19What is Ars Nova?
A new musical style from the 14th century featuring rhythmic complexity
20Who were troubadours and trobairitz?
Medieval poet-musicians of southern France
21Who were minstrels?
Traveling performers who entertained with music and stories
22What period does the Renaissance cover?
1450–1600
23What is the Renaissance known for?
Rebirth of human creativity
24What cultures inspired the Renaissance?
Ancient Greece and Rome
25What intellectual movement marked the Renaissance?
Humanism
26What weakened the Catholic Church’s power during the Renaissance?
The Protestant Reformation
27What became a status symbol during the Renaissance?
Education
28What invention widened music circulation in the Renaissance?
The printing press
29Where did musicians work during the Renaissance?
Churches, courts, and town centers
30What increased for musicians in the Renaissance?
Status and pay
31What is word painting?
Music that reflects the literal meaning of lyrics
32What texture was common in Renaissance music?
Polyphonic
33What developed more independence during the Renaissance?
Melody and rhythm
34What are the sacred music genres of the Renaissance?
Motet and Mass
35What are the secular vocal genres of the Renaissance?
Madrigal and Lute Song
36What became more popular in instrumental music during the Renaissance?
Secular music
37What is a motet?
A polyphonic sacred vocal composition
38What is a mass?
A musical setting of the liturgical texts of the Eucharist
39What is a madrigal?
A secular vocal piece, often polyphonic
40What is a lute song?
A song for solo voice with lute accompaniment
41What is humanism?
An intellectual movement focusing on human potential and achievements
42What years define the Baroque era?
1600–1750
43What are key stylistic features of the Baroque era?
Action, movement, drama, and contrast
44What is meant by unity of mood in Baroque music?
One mood maintained throughout a piece
45What is characteristic of Baroque rhythm?
Repeated patterns and continuous motion
46What describes Baroque melody?
Repetitive and continuously expanding
47What are terraced dynamics?
Abrupt volume changes
48What textures are used in Baroque music?
Polyphonic and homophonic
49What is basso continuo?
Accompaniment by keyboard and a low-range instrument
50What is a concerto grosso?
A piece for a group of soloists and an orchestra
51What is ritornello form?
Alternation between full ensemble (tutti) and solo sections
52What does "tutti" mean in Baroque music?
The full ensemble
53What is a fugue?
A polyphonic composition based on a main theme
54What are key elements of a fugue?
Subject, answer, countersubject
55What is a cantata?
Vocal work with several movements, usually sacred
56What is a solo concerto?
A piece for one soloist and orchestra
57What is an oratorio?
Large-scale sacred work for voices and orchestra, without staging
58What are affections in Baroque music?
Emotions expressed consistently throughout a piece
59What is ground bass?
A repeating bass line over which music is composed
60Who composed during the Baroque period?
Johann Sebastian Bach
61Who composed Messiah and other oratorios?
George Frideric Handel
62Who was a female Baroque composer and singer?
Barbara Strozzi
63Who was known for his concertos and "The Four Seasons"?
Antonio Vivaldi