Exam 2

Material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment, or replace any body part

Fixation, framework, reinforcement, regulation, delivery vehicle, barrier

(role of biomaterials) Restores and hold tissues in their normal anatomical position and alignment

(role of biomaterials) serves as a framework to support cell migration into defect from surrounding tissues

(role of biomaterials) maintains shape of defect and prevents distortion of surrounding tissue

(role of biomaterials) moves exogenous cells, growth factors, and genes

(role of biomaterials) to prevent infiltration of surrounding tissue that may impede the process of regeneration

What are the 2 main parts of blood

aqueous part of blood

how much of blood plasma is water

cellular and cell fragment part of blood

What are the 3 components of formed elements

Are red blood cells part of immune system

Are white blood cells part of immune system

Do white blood cells contain hemoglobin

What is the most common white blood cell

ability of a biomaterial to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application

3 phases of reaction to implants

(phases of reaction to implants) hemostasis (blood clotting), inflammation, cell migration

(phases of reaction to implants) tissue rebuilding, matrix deposition, angiogenesis

(phases of reaction to implants) tissue remodeling, matrix contraction , cell maturation/death

if something is too larger for phagocytes to eat, the body will try to encapsulate the invader in whate

What cell is progenitor of granulocytes (neutrophils) and monocytes

What cell is progenitor of T cell, B cell, and NK cells

Nonspecific, defensive response of body to tissue damage

Do innate immune cells do not recognize specific invaders

binding sites only found on bacteria, free DNA implying dead cells, etc.

Do innate immune cells detect danger signals

What are the 4 main components of innate immunity

The ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents

Do acquired immune cells do not recognize specific invaders

Part of innate immunity, plasma proteins that attack invaders and induce lysis

rupture of cell membrane (kills cell)

How do acquired immune cells recognize specific invaders

process where more blood and immune cells are sent to site of tissue damge

vasodilation and increased blood vessel permeabilty, emigration of immune cells to damaged tissue, tissue repair or replacement

innate immunity response to tissue injury that occurs after weeks to months

Immediate innate immunity response to tissue injury

The 4 types of leukoytes

molecules released during blood clotting cascade that causes pain associated with inflamation

The 3 main types of granulocytes

Do granulocytes phagocytose foreign invaders

What is the precursor to macrophages

When do moncytes turn into macrophages

Can produce molecules that recruit more circulating monocytes, induce division, and cause immobilization. Also causes fibrous scarring and radicals that kills cells

Cationic proteins in neutrophil granules do what 3 things

What are 2 significant components of neutrophil granules

enzyme that breaks down proteins

neutral proteases in neutrophil granules do what

What is produced by neutrophils during phagocytosis that damages invaders as well as tissues (but hopefully kills more invaders)

What happens when the foreign material is too large for a neutrophil to engulf and the neutrophils decide to increase inflammation and release more enzymes (neutral protesases) and radicals to break stuff down

Receptor proteins in phagocytes that detect pathogens

(T/F) During neutrophil recruitment, the rolling step occurs as the cells briefly bind to the vascular endothelium through low-affinity interactions facilitated by the upregulation of integrins

Of the different components of innate immunity, which is the least likely to affect the response to an implanted biomaterial?

What immune cells induce other cells to undergo apoptosis?

Which has greater killing capacity, neutrophil or macrophage

Which arrives to site of tissue damage first, neutrophil or macrophage

white blood cells that include T cell and B cells

Cells that recognise specific antigens on surface of infected cells

Cells that produce and secrete antibodies

Memory cells (lymphocytes)

lymophocytes that produce antibodies and seek out and kill invaders

main phagocytic cell

Where are leukocytes made

Where do lymphocytes mature

Where are granulocytes stored

seek out and causes apoptosis in cancer cells and virus-infected cells

4 steps of stage of neutrophil extravasation

(stage of neutrophil extravasation) While neutrophils are carried along by blood, they roll along endothelial cells of blood vessels by briefly binding to them

What is neutrophil rolling mediated by

transmembrane glycoproteins that bind to sugars and neutrophils

Movement of neutrophils out of blood vessels into tisuse

(stage of neutrophil extravasation) When chemoattractants induce a conformation change in integrins in neutrophils to make them have a higher affinity for CAMs in endothelial cells of blood vessels

(stage of neutrophil extravasation) When the neutrophil stops due to strong interaction between integrins of neutrophil and CAMs of endothelium

(stage of neutrophil extravasation) when neutrophil squeezes between endothelim cells

transmembrane proteins involved in both cell–cell and cell–matrix contacts

cellular eating and breakdown of foreign material

What immune cells are phagocytes

1.Chemotaxis: danger signal like free DNA trigger secretion of chemokines which attracts phagocytes
2.Adherence: the phagocyte binds to the foreign material
3.Ingestion: the phagocyte takes the foreign material inside its cell wall
4.Digestion: lysosomes (granules) bind to the foreign material and attacks it
5.Killing: If the foreign material was a microbe, it gets kills by digestion

(step of phagocytosis)) chemoattractant danger signals like free DNA trigger secretion of chemokines attracts phagocytes

The phagocyte binds to the foreign material (stage of phagocytosis)

the phagocyte takes the foreign material inside its cell wall (stage of phagocytosis)

lysosomes (granules) bind to the foreign material and attacks it (stage of phagocytosis)

Do activated macrophages present antigens

Granulocyte involved in allergies and parasite defense

Is acute inflamation supposed to be localized

How do IL-1 and IL-1Ra relate to acute inflamation

How is the severity of inflamatory response determined

Another term for granulocyte

A forein substance that is used to idenfity a pathogen

2 main types of acquired immunity

Humoral immunity

cell-mediated immunity

Small cell fragments produced by magarkaryocytes

What is function of platlet

throbosis

Do monocytes have multi-part nuclei

Assay that measures cellular metabolic activity as an indicator of cell viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity

Assay used to measure the number of viable cells in a cell culture

Tissue that has a pebby granular appearance

What gives the pebby granular appearance of granulation tissue

appearance of many vascular buds sprouting from existing blood vessels

Process that leads to the formation of granulation tissue

when a biomaterial is implanted into an organ, where does the granulation tissue develop

cell type that maintains the extracellular matrix to support connective tissues

What materials do fibroblast synthesize

A specialized type fof fibroblast that has features of smooth muscle

Where does myofibroblasts arise

What are the purpose of myofibroblasts

Unavoidable process that takes place when a material becomes implanted into the body

Type of cells that are much larger than normal cells that attempt to phagocytose a foreign body that is too big to get eaten by normal phagocytic cells

How are FBGCs made

Do FBGCs have 1 nucelus

Will foreign body response be stronger in a rougher or smoother biomaterial

Will foreign body response be stronger or weaker with a high surface area to volume ratio

Will foreign body response be stronger or weaker with a low surface are to volume ratio

Will foreign body response be stronger if an implant is a cube or a sphere of the same volume

What process involves granulation tissue maturation

What marks granulation tissue maturation

Does fibrous encapsulation lead to scar formation

Is fibrous encasupation an acceptable result of implantation

Is a thicker or thinner fibrous capsule preferable

What causes a thicker fibrous capsule

What are 4 factors that affect the thickness of a fibrous capsule

Why does rate of shedding of small particulates from an implate correlate with increased fibrous capsule size

Why do electrical currents lead to an increase in fibrous capsule thickness

Acute inflammation is characterized by what cell

Chronic inflammation is characterized by what cell

Layer of epithelioid cells (modified macrophages), then layer of FBGCs, then a particle that is too big to phagocyse in the middle

What surrounds granulomas

New equilibrium state after wound heals

What are the 4 main types of resolution

top layer of skin

occurs in epithelial tissue (top layer of skin), foreign body is forced out by a pouch that forms around it contiguous with the surrounding tissue

What type of resultion is a splinter working its way out

When a biomaterial biodegrades and its parts get consumed by the body

Traditional response to nonresorbable materials

When a fibrous capsule does not form around an implant

What is one biomaterial that the resolution type can be integration when implanted in bone

Wound healing type where the lost tissue is replaced with scar tissue

Does scar tissue have the same or different structure, biochemical composition, and mechanical properties as the native tissue

Wound healing type where the lost tissue is replaced with tissue of the same type as the original

In what layer of skin tissue can regeneration occur

Top layer of skin

In what layer of skin tissue must tissue repair occur because regeneration cannot occur

Layer of skin below the epidermis

what are the 1st 2 immune cells to appear at the site of an injury

the ability of a medical device to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application

Negative effects of a biomaterial appearing within 24 hours after administration

Negative effects of a biomaterial appearing after 90 days after administration

Cells that can continuously multiply throughout life

What type of cells do skin and bone fall under

Cells that can regenerate after injury but do not normally replicate

What type of cells do the cells of the kidney, pancreas and parechymal cells of the liver fall under

Cells that cannot reproduce themselves if damaged after birth

What are some permanent cells

What type of cells mediate the aquired immune response

Where are lymphocytes stored in the body

Broad term refering to the adverse effects on fuction of immune system

Term for immune system dysfunction

Term for when the immune system attacks the cells of the body

Developing allergies or an autoiummune diseases as a result of a biomaterial is called what

The 4 characteristics of the acquired immune response

What type of cell makes antibodies

Type of aquired immunity based on the actions of antibodies (made by B cells)

Why is humoral immunity called that

cells of the body

Type of aquired immunity based on the actions of T cells that detect altered self cells

special protein that binds to specific antigens

substance that can be used by the acquired immune system to detect a foreign invader

As an antibody is a protein, what is its ligand?

Binding site on antibody protein for antigens

low molecular weight substance that combins with a larger molecule to produce a greater immune response

substance that nonspecifically inhances the immune response to antigen

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes

genetic complex that is presented with an antigen to effect an immune response

Antigens that are made by cells of the body, self cells

What is the purpose of endogenous antigens

What class of MHC displays endogenous antigens

Antigens produced outside of the body

How do exogeneous antigens enter cells

What class of MHC display exogeneous antigens

What type of cells display class 1 MHC molecules

What type of immune cells recognize class 1 MHC molecules

What type of cells display endogenous antigens

What type of immune cells recognize endogenous antigens

What type of cells display class 2 MHCs

What type of immune cells recognize class 2 MHCs

What type of cells display exogenous antigens

What type of immune cells recognize exogenous antigens

What are some antigen presenting cells APCs

T cells, B cells, and NK cells

Cells that are not part of the body as detected by the immune system

Why are organ rejected

What are TCRs

What is the main difference between antibodies (made from B cells) and TCRs (on T cells)

Why does the immune system detects the cells of a trasplanted organ as nonself

What type of T cells kill target cells by inducing apoptosis

What type of T cells supprese the activity of other immune cells

What does Th cell do when they are activated by an exogenous antibody on an APC

How is a Tc cell activated

What does a Tc cell do when activated by an altered self cells

What is the result of Tc and B cell activation

What are effector cells

What are memory cells

What is the effector cell of Tc cells

What is the memory cell of Tc cells

What is the effector cell of B cells

What is the memory cell of B cells

What make plama cells special

What does stimulation by cytokines released by Th cells do to Tc cells

How is a Th cell activated

Why is a co stimulatory signal required for Th activation

How are B cells activated

What do B cells do when activated

What is similar between Tc and NK cells

What is similar between TCLs and NK cells

Why are NK cells often classified under innate immunity as opposed to acquired immunity despite being lymphocytes

What happens when an NK cell activates

What are the 4 ways that antibodies can act to remove pathogens

When multiple large particles with antigens on surface are bound into a clump by antibodies

When a complex of antibodies and antigen becomes so large that it is no longer soluble

When an antibody blocks the active/toxic site of a foreign substance

Whn an antibodies directly attacks an invading organism

What cell produces antibodies

What shape is an antibody

What is the top of the Y shape of an antibody called

What is the variable portion of an antigen for

What is the bottom of the Y shape of an antibody called

What is the constant portion of an antigen for

How many peptide chains are antibodies composed of

How are the peptides chains of antibodies arranged

How can the migration patterns of different types of lymphocytes and phagocytes be controlled separately?

extracellular maxtrix proteins are detected by what class of receptor

An antibody made against substances formed by a person's own body

The inactivation and/or destruction of B cells that can make autoantibodies, so that they cannot respond to an antigenic stimulus can induce in the body a state of ___________ to itself

Prevention of an immune response against a particular antigen

absence of the normal immune response of a T cell to a particular antigen or allergen

What causes phagocytic white cells like neutrophils and macrophages to migrate toward the site of infection?

What are some innate (nonspecific) immunity cells

What are some aquired (specific) immunity cells

What happens when platelets get activated

Do platelets have nuclei

Are platelets cells

Property of not causeing blood clotting or complement activation when in contact with blood

an insoluble protein that is produced in response to bleeding and is the major component of the blood clot

What cells have CD4 proteins but not CD8 proteins on their surface

What cells have CD8 proteins but not CD4 proteins on their surface

What