midterm prep

Before common era/ before christ

Common era/ nano domini

literature, art, physical and material remains

compared, criticized, and interpreted

professional modern historians

300 thousand years

Latin

allows the use of hands, leads to the creation of sophisticated tools/technology

fire, it lead to the creation of weapons, cooking, and community gathering

nomadic humans, stone tool creation, animal and plant domestication, early religion

wolves, horses, sheep, bulls, cows, goats and oxen

lunar cycles, about 15000 years ago

10000 BCE

Hunting and fishing areas were flooded, large animals (like the wooly mammoth) died off

Development towards proper settlements began

development towards agriculture and pastoral nomadism, and the beginnings of social pyramids

wheat, beans, barley, millet

salted meat, cheese, honey

shoes, armour, food and drink vessels

Copper; it could be shaped easier, was lighter and more durable, and sped up the weapon making process.

alcohol, which is most likely the oldest known human made beverage

walls to protect its valuable trades, though it was later taken down by an opposing force

A large Neolithic settlement located in modern day turkey. The people that lived there lacked A material culture for us to identify, but we do know the people that lived their were not Turkish.

an area of land that hugged Saudi Arabia, it had a very rich agricultural potential. It held many hydronic civilizations (meaning they relied on nearby rivers to function)

they introduced public armies and religion. had many cities within it that were independent from each other. they were some of the first to document things with scripture

small images representing and idea or event, usually written on clay tablets, was a response to a more complet society where people lacked the memory for so many trades and interactions

the list of semi-mythical Sumerian kings, the first wheeled vehicles including the Sumerian war chariot, organized state armies, advances architecture

(most likely) a building to honor a patron god, it was found in most large cities.

He ruled during the empire of Akkad (2300-2115 BCE), he claimed he was abandoned as a child and that the gods chose him for greatness. This led to many heroic stories like his.

The third dynasty of Ur (2122-2003 BCE)

A list of poems recording a search from fame and validation, occurred in Mesopotamia and has mythical gods and creatures, Gilgamesh made the gods unhappy so he tried to seek immortality but failed.

Unified Mesopotamia and made a law coded with penalities

The babylonians

The Hitte was able to take it but couldn’t keep it, and the Kassite failed completely.

It was much more stable, and it was Isolde geographically by rivers, mountains and deserts.

source of life, annual floods fermi and the lands and allowed time for events and worship

an early prototype of paper that was written on using plants that grew in abundance on the Nile

a list of semi mythical pharaohs who ruled Egypt hundreds of years before it was written

Narmer/Memes. He had the crowns of upper and lower Egypt combined, many depictions of this process depicted Narmer/Memes killing people which hinted the unification wasn’t peaceful

Nome, Nomarch

Images of objects and animals, often used for religious purposes

A huge inscripted rock with translations from hyroglyphs to Ancient Greek, written by a pharaoh

it was made with fermented bread, dough, and barley and wasn’t filtered. It was used as a currency.

They were made exclusively for pharaohs tombs and their sacred objects.

It came from the myth of Osiris coming back to life, it was believed to preserve the soul. Cloths and flax was used to wrap the bodies, and organs were placed separately in jars.

a rectangular slab of stone with a tomb below it. they eventually were stacked to create pyramids

Egypt lost its unity and rival dynasties emerged

upper and lower Egypt were reunited for the second time

there was a successful Hykos invasion of lower Egypt, and it was in-united for the third time. The hykos used war chariots, which the Egyptians then reversed engineered and counter attacked, sucessfully re-uniting Egypt again.

Housed the greatest expansion phase of Egypt, and the first professional army was established.

tracked further than any ruler before him, and led a conquest in the north and south-East

She was the most well known and successful female pharaoh

He tried to implement a monotheistic belief system of sun worship, with the suspection that it was to take power away from priests. He ended up disappearing, most likely because of the lack of respect and support of his beliefs.

He coined the term Minoan because of the Greek mythological story.

control the states of Crete

Linear A

Many palaces are either destroyed or have signs of abandonment, it’s speculated that the Mycenaeans did this,

mass pirate raid migration, they are depicted all over medditerainian records.

Semetic people that lived around modern day Lebanon. They were some of the most frequent traders during the Iron Age. They also simplified the 22 letter alphabet of only consonants.

The most powerful city of the eastern Mediterranean for a few centuries, until it was challenged by Rome. It was founded by the phonecians in 814 BCE

Semi-nomadic people with their own reliegon and bible. They adopted the god El from the Phonecians in the hopes they would guide the, to their ‘promised land’ (Jerusalem)

The assyrians lived in northern Mesopotamia, but their lack of agriculture and trade forced them to seek out better land. To do this they formed the first proffesional Army who were equipped with iron weapons. They were among the first to master horse riding, and developed wall and tower seiging techniques.

King Tiglath-Pilezer III (745-727 BCE)

King Assurbanipal (668-627 BCE)

The New Babylonian Empire (Chaldean)

the Lydians

Herodotus (484-425 BCE), he wrote the history of the wars between the Greeks and Persians.

Cyrus II, ruled 559-530 BCE, by fighting and winning against the Meds.

The Archaic Period (800-500 BCE)

The historian who wrote ‘Theogony’ and ’Work and Days’. He accounts the creation of the world and how gods and humans were worked into it.

a greek city state

The most powerful greek ’polis’ in Sicily

aristocrats: 2-3%, Hoplites: 30%, civilians: the rest

A period in Greece where tyrants would often take over cities. They ruled alone and for their own benefit, though they only hated other aristocrats and didn’t pick on civilians. They would even give out work and land to the poor. They tended to not last more than 2 centuries.

Games in honor of the god Zeus, they included contests of smarts, music, philosophy, and battle.

Hisotrians, though Thucydides is said to be more reliable.

A Greek city that was considered an outsider, it never had more than 10k citizens in its borders.

In order of most to least important: Two kings, a council, custodians, and an assembly.

A communal dining hall where every spartain has to bring food, or they would loose citizenship.

A right of passage for young Spartain boys. They were sent to the countryside with just a dagger and were tasked with killing every helot they could catch.

Agricultural slaves that took the majority of the population. They resented the Spartain to the point of people fearing of a revolt.

Well compared to other civilizations at the time. They would train in battle to have strong babies and had the right to own 2/5 of land.

the 464 earthquake, it killed thousands of Spartain and desecrated the city.

the first publicly displayed law in Athens, which included very severe punishments for simple crimes.

The Timocraftic system, which was based on economic welfare and led to socio-economic classes.

He divided Attica into three sectors: coast, city, and plains. Each sector was divided into ten ‘tritlyes’ and ten new tribes were also created.

Aristocratic led organizations controlling local government in pre-democratic Athens. Cleomenes took the Phratries power and gave it to the Demes (140-150 total)

A council of about 500 members, 50 from each tribe that were elected annually. They carry out the policies of the Assembily, though they excluded Thetus.

The cause of the problem between the Greek and Persians. The Persians made a plan to take Naxos out of anger because of the lack of political freedom they had, though it failed. Now scared of being punished because of their attempt to sack the city, a revolt started. The Spartain denied their help, but the Athenians sent 20 ships. They took the city ‘Sardis’ but lost it once Persian aid came.

King Darius of the Persians wanted to punish the Athenians for the Ionian Revolt, so he attempted to invade. It was unsuccessful, but before he could try again the Egyptians also revolted and then he died soon after.

The Athenians Naval portase.

He was King Darius’ son, and wanted to finish what his father started.

A group created in case another Persian invasion was attempted. It consisted of a rich members that pooled their wealth. The Athenians ended up taking over this treasury.

Athens vs Sparta. The Spartans invaded Attica, and the Greeks hid behind the wall. They faced lots of plagues and lack of resources.

The Athenian Invasion of Sicily (415-413 BCE)

The Battle of Aegispotamoi (405 BCE)