Anth 103 midterm 1

the holistic study of science, human existence, and material culture

Biological, linguistic, socio-cultural, and archeology

A system of beliefs and cultures transmitted by language, and the extra somatic means by which humans adapt to their environment.

the study of early fossils for the knowledge of evolution

Information on past diets, hygiene, and evolution

the study of minerals and the landscape

the study of animal remains

the study of human interactions with plants overtime

similar to archeobotany, but focuses on the processing of plants and seeds into food

the study of pollen and spores to understand the past environment

It’s how we know what we know, i.e. you are taught, told, or you observe something

all of human history, including all that is unknown

the holistic study of science, human existence, and material culture

the holistic study of science, human existence, and material culture

artifact: a portable object made or modified by a person/community/ eco fact: natural reminants that haven’t been modified. / features: non-portable modifications to landscape (houses, roads etc) / sites: settlement patterns and distribution of things across landscape. / paleosoils: soils that have been impacted chemically by humans / landscape: biological and physical environment humans interacted and depended on

- protects indigenous graves on federal and tribal lands. - recognizes tribal authority over unmarked graves. - prohibits the sale of indigenous bodies. - requires inventory and respiration of human remains in federal institutions s and institutions of federal funding. - return of inappropriately acquired sacred objects. - set up a process to determine ownership of human remains found on federal and tribal properly after November 16th 1990

objects placed with a body as a part of a funeral ceremony

a ceremonial object nessicary for current practice of traditional Native American religeons

objects that have ongoing cultural importance to a tribe

the relationship of a Jared group identity which can be reasonably traced historically or pre historically between a present day Indian tribe or Native American organization and an identifiable apearlier group

85%

someone who studies our understanding of a particular issue in archeology and how it has changed overtime

Someone who studies the relationship between archeology, social, and cultural conext

When archeologist deny that remains belong to a certain group because of the belief that they couldn’t have achieved that level of intellect or understanding, common problem for native americans

Refers to a male centres world view whereby individuals and cultures are seen through male perspectives, the archeological record is by default seen from this perspective

Association: artefacts are found close together in a (horizaontal) space and in the same (vertical) stratum, likely the same age and used at the same time. Context: can be the stratum or sedimentary matrix in which artefacts are recovered, the surface in which it lays, the pit it is recovered in or the feature with which it is associated.

Saptial and stratigraphic

a response/ challenge to culture-historical archeology which focuses on collecting and describing material culture. Wanted to understand function and explain change. studied change in material culture as an adaptation to social and (heavy focus on) environmental change. It encouraged the use of scientific methods and techniques, and claimed to be ‘objective’ and universal

a critique and challenge to processual archeology, which leaned on environmental factors to explain culture change. It argued that processual archeology ignored subjectives of individuals and agency. says that cultural change can happen within, not only in response to external factors, and challenged the objectivity of processual archeology.

The study of formation process, and a range of natural and human disturbances. Ex: erosion, earthquakes, weather, animal burrowing, construction, looting, etc

An archeology issue raised by Lewis Bindord and Micheal Schiffer. They argued that archeologists cannot treat evidence as a ‘freeze frame’ of the last person to use a tool or a site, and assumed that object was laid down by the last user AND that object reflects activities that took place at that location.

building a sequence of material culture

Stratigraphy: relative dating of artifacts, it examines the profile Seriation (or change frequency): Helps construct chronology, change in frequency biases on popularity over time.

Dendrochronology: the analysis of tree rings. Radio Carbon dating: biased on the rate of decay of the isotope, for dating organic matter

a technique used for sites up to one million years old, and used on materials

A Greek philosopher who is known for his work on cosmetology and stars. He wa one of the first to talk about humans being born from other kinds of animals

Recent supernatural origin, unlikely to last more than a few thousand years, dates computed using biblical genealogies

physical world is in a state of degeneration, natural decay represents decay from original creation, human beings used to live much longer in ancient times

humans were created in the garden of eden located in the Middle East, humanity spread from there with movements like Noah’s flood

Human conduct is in decline over time, earliest men were farmers and herdsman with iron coming in later on, gods knowledge was passed on through priests and prophets

a succession of unique events that were a result of gods predetermined interventions, the world is in its dying days

limited awareness of changes in material culture compared to ancient scholars, limited study of material remains, understanding of past is based on select written records

Carolus Linnaeus

an organized binomial system bailed on shared traits between organisms

complex brain, foreword facing eyes, grasping hands, eye sockets/support, apposable thumbs, well developed collarbone, long childhood

similarities: backbones, endothermic. differences: hair, bipedialitt, language, culture, tool use

Organisms produce more animals than are able to survive, some offspring are better equipped than others, this idea was used to negatively support colonialism (ex: poor people or people with disabilities shouldn’t reproduce)

lacked evidence and had no detailed understanding as to how parents traits were passed onto children, and they had no historical record of past humans

It is the changing of an organism overtime in response to its environment. it needs a source of variability (ex. mutations) and an environment that exerts a selective pressure. though selection is misleading because we are actually random combinations of our parents genes

An Australian scientist that learned to mathematically predict the traits of pea plant offspring after 8 years of expiramenting

fossils existed in Eastern Africa only, was about 5ft tall and 77-88 pounds, age tough grasses, fibrous vegetables matter and savanah plants, had large molars, had bipedalism, 400-500 cc brain, no or limited language

fossils found in afar region of Ethiopia, the area used to be wet and heavily wooded, about 4ft tall and pounds

about 2 million years ago

increase in brain size, movement out of African continent, first evidence of tools, increase in height and weight, diet included meat

The first of the modern day humans, 600-700 cc brain, most likely was the first to use some kind of stone tools,

how humans created the tools, and what it was used for

Choppers and flakes

the increase in brain size and complexity (starting with h. habilis), the increase led to a higher demand for energy to power the brain

1. the need for accessing and harvesting food strategically (clever foraging). 2. social animals like primates require flexible behaviours and are generally more encephalization than others, the problem with that is chimps are highly social with no evidence of encephalization. 3. the change towards eating more eats provides a good source of amino acids, giving the brain a significant amount of energy and the chance to grow

the idea that intelligence, language, and tool use was developed because of the Need for active hunting, problems with this include influence from our modern day belief that women and men were divided in terms of daily tasks

one hemisphere of the brain develops faster than the other, thought to be linked to handiness, speech, and higher reasoning

1800s specialists linked these small regions of the brain to language, they thought if these areas were damaged we would loose our language capability, but recent research says that language isn’t limited to one part of the brain

Had a significantly larger brain than those before it, with a rapid period of change from 1.8-1.6 million years ago followed by a period of stability. they expanded out of Africa to Europe and Asia which represents the ability to adapt using culture, brain of 1000cc