1what system properties make up the boundary?
elements, attributes, and relationships
2what is a system attribute?
the characteristics of an element that can be measured
3a model is a type of what!
system
4what is the systems theory?
a mathematical process, including output, process, input, then feedback
5what is an isolated system?
a system that does not have connections beyond its boundary
6what is a closed system?
a system that does not allow matter to cross its boundary but does allow energy
7what is an open system?
a system that has both matter and energy that may cross its boundary
8when do emergent properties occur?
when the characteristics of a whole system are greater than the sum of its parts
9what is a system state?
the current condition (value) of an element, attribute or relationship in a system
10what is matter?
everything that has mass and takes up space
11What is an element?
substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms by ordinary chemical reactions
12how many elements are there
about 118
13what energy is gained when going from solid > liquid > gas matter
kinetic energy
14what energy is lost when going from gas > liquid > solid matter?
kinetic energy
15what are the three physical properties of matter?
mass (g or kg, does not equal weight) / volume (cm3 or m3, the amount of space occupies in an object) / density (g cm-3 or kg m-3, the quantity of mass found in a given volume)
16______ and ______ make up the neucleus of an atom
protons, neutrons
17when does neutral atomic charge occur?
when the number of protons = electrons
18an atomic number is the number of _______, and the atomic mass number is an atoms total number of _______ and _______
protons/ neutrons, protons
19an isotope is an element differing in atomic mass (different number of neutrons), some isotopes are unstable and their nucleus tends to loose _____________, also known as ______________
subatomic particles, radioactive decay
20two or more atoms joined together is a _________
molecule
21two or more different types of atoms joined together is a _________
compound
22what are the three chemical bonds?
1. covalent: sharing of electrons / 2. ionic: cations and anions / 3. hydrogen: unequal attraction of shared electrons (water)
23what are the four main categories of organic compounds
1. lipids / 2. carbohydrates / 3. proteins / 4. Nucleic acids
24what is a lipid?
commonly known as fats and oils, they are composed of carbon atoms that have two hydrogen atoms attached, belong to the family of molecules known as hydrocarbons
25what is a carbohydrate?
composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms, some examples are sugars, starch, and cellulose
26what is a protein?
contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and other minor elements arranged into 20 different compounds known as amino acids
27what is a Nucleic Acid?
a complex organic molecule composed of different combinations of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus. an example is DNA
28cells are where the process of _______ and ________ occur
metabolism, heredity
29the cells of plants and animals are _______, and the cells of bacteria, archaea, and Cyanobacteria are ________
eukaryotes, prokaryotes
30these cells have the ability to use and process light or chemical energy found in the outside environment
autotrophs (plant autotrophs create chemical energy from sunlight inside organelles called chloroplasts)
31what organisms consume other organisms to obtain energy
heterotrophs (include most types of bacteria and all of the animal and fungi species)
32energy is described as the capacity for doing _____
work
33scientists were able to extract the atomic energy found in matter beginning in the 1940s via a process called ___________
nuclear fission
34what are the two main forms of energy?
1. kinetic: due to motion / 2. potential: energy stored by an object that can be transformed to another kind of energy)
35what are the two most common units used to measure and quantify energy?
1. metric system / 2. British system
36what is the equation for work?
work = force x distance
37a ______ is equal to the force needed to accelerate a mass weighing one kilogram one meter in one second in a vacuum with no friction
newton
38kinetic energy is also referred to as _________
heat energy
39at what temperature does all atomic motion stop?
-273.15 degree Celsius
40in the atmosphere, heat is transferred mainly by what three things?
1. conduction / 2. convection / 3. radiation
41what is the heat capacity?
the ratio of the amoun of heat energy absorbed by a substance to its corresponding temperature rise
42what is specific heat?
the heat capacity of a unit mass of a substance or heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance at 1 degree Celsius
43what is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
the law of conservation of energy - energy can be transformed from system to system in many forms, it cannot be created nor destroyed
44what is the second law of thermodynamics?
suggests that process involving energy transfer can only move in one direction, predicts that the entropy of an isolated system increases with time
45what is the third law of thermodynamics?
if all the thermal motion of molecules (kinetic energy) could be removed a state called absolute zero would exist. the universe will attain absolute zero when all energy and matter is randomly distributed across space
46what is conduction?
energy transferred in a substance directly from molecule to molecule
47what is convection?
the transfer of energy by vertical mass motions of a gaseous or liquid medium (horizontal transfer is called advection)
48what is radiation?
the emission and propagantion of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
49the capture no use of energy in living systems is dominated by what two processes?
photosynthesis and respiration
50the oxidation of sugar by organisms is called _________
respiration
51what are the two products of respiration?
carbon dioxide and water