EXAM Ch. 17, 19, 20, 22, GL

carbon-containing fossil fuels
- oil
- natural gas
- coal

90%

Net energy yield (or gain) = the total amount of energy available - the energy needed to make it available

high = best bang for your buck

oil, 1/3

- crude oil/petroleum
- conventional oil - pumped using traditional techiques
- unconventional oil - oil extracted from substrate using specialized processes

opex (organization of petroulem exporting countries) make up 80%
12 countries, not including canada

Oil sand - mixture of clay, sand, water, and a combustible organic material
called bitumen (a thick and sticky heavy oil with a high sulphur content)

unconventional oil

• Consists primarily of methane (CH4)
• Formed from fossil deposits for millions of years and subjected to high
temperatures and pressures.

• Conventional natural gas lies above most reservoirs of crude oil
• Unconventional natural gas is found in other underground sources (e.g.
shale gas trapped in fine-grain sedimentary rocks) (FRACKING)

WATER POLLUTION
- pump water into deposits, break up rock, releases gas
- leeching of contaminated water, dumping
- sinkholes

62-125 yrs

• a solid fossil that consists mostly of carbon (plus sulphur, mercury
and radioactive material)
• Formation takes millions of years

surface or subsurface mining

coal, 10x more than oil and natural gas combined

200-1000 yrs

1. Solar
2. Flowing water
3. Wind
4. Biomass (plant materials
and animal wastes)
5. Geothermal
6. Hydrog

Risk is the likelihood of suffering harm from a hazard

• Cultural hazards: smoking, poor diet, driving, etc.
• Chemical hazards: harmful chemicals in air, water, soil and food
• Physical hazards: fire, tornado, earthquake, etc.
• Biological hazards: pathogens (e.g. viruses), pollen, venomous
animals, etc.

• Risk assessment is the scientific process of estimating how much
harm a particular hazard can cause to human health.
• Risk management involves deciding whether or how to reduce a
particular risk to a certain level and at what cost.

Cigarette smoking

Poverty

• Stratosphere (17 – 48 km) similar composition to
troposphere, except more O3 and less H2O

• Air pollution: presence of chemicals in the
atmosphere in concentrations high enough to
affect climate and harm organisms and
materials.
• heat and noise are also considered forms of
air pollution.

• Primary pollutant: Chemicals directly to the
air by natural events or human activities.
• Secondary pollutant: Harmful chemicals
formed when a primary air pollutant reacts
with natural air components and/or other
pollutants.

sources: natural, stationary, mobile
types primary, secondary

Carbon monoxide (CO) - fossil fuels
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) - fossil fuels
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) - coal
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) - coal and diesel
Lead (Pb) - paint, batteries
Ozone (O3) - secondary pollutant

Water pollution is any chemical, biological, or physical change in water
quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or that makes water
unsuitable for desired uses.

• Infectious agents
• Oxygen-demanding wastes
• Inorganic chemicals
• Organic chemicals
• Plant nutrients
• Sediment
• Radioactive materials
• Heat (thermal pollution)

• Bacterial count
• Physico-chemical analysis
• Indicator organisms (biomonitoring)

• Agricultural activities are by far the leading
cause of water pollution (fertilizers,
pesticides, bacteria, sediments, etc.)
• Industrial facilities
• Mining
• Municipal effluents

- industry
- cities
- urban sprawl
- farms
- red tides
- toxic sediment

spawn in river, go to ocean, then come back to reproduce

Assess how freshwater ecosystem productivity and
ecological function vary across a gradient of salmon
restoration initiatives

ptroductivity at the bottom of the river/water

marine