1Why is the sports movie called an “incoherent genre” in the slides?
It spans comedy and tragedy, popular and art cinemas, and historical and contemporary subjects
2What is Wiedenfeld’s definition of a sports movie?
A film whose protagonists inhabit the world of sports (e.g. athlete, coach, agent, fan)
3Which view of genre do sports movies challenge, per the syllabus?
The semantic/syntactic view of genre
4Whose concept of action relating body to community informs the course, per the syllabus?
Hannah Arendt
5What three questions open the slides?
What is the political significance of sports, sports media, and sports movies?
6Who first proposed civil religion to secure a social contract, per Gorski?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
7In what year does the slide date Rousseau’s civil religion?
1762
8What three features define Rousseau’s civil religion (slides)?
Sacred social contract, common morality, no religious intolerance
9Who injected civil religion into modern sociology, per Gorski?
Robert Bellah
10What is the title and year of Bellah’s essay?
”Civil Religion in America,” 1967
11How did Bellah first define civil religion?
The “religious dimension” of the “political realm”
12How did Bellah later define civil religion?
The “founding myth” of a political community, through which it interprets its history in light of transcendent reality
13Is Bellah’s civil religion voluntary or compulsory?
14Is Bellah’s civil religion more scriptural or more ritual?
15Does Bellah’s civil religion replace organized religion?
No, it exists alongside and is clearly differentiated from the churches
16What is the major weakness of Bellah’s definition, per Gorski?
It does not draw a clear enough line between civil religion and religious nationalism
17Who wrote “The Civil Religious Tradition and Its Rivals” in American Covenant (2017)?
Philip Gorski
18How does the week 1 slide sum up American civil religion?
Separation of church and state, but sacredness of the state
19What are the three “sacred beliefs in practice” on the slides?
Remember great actions and persons; revere special icons and words; recite texts and rehearse ideas
20What image illustrates American civil religion in the slides?
JFK lying in state
21What image illustrates Rousseau’s civil religion in the slides?
Voltaire’s remains ceremonially transferred to the French Pantheon
22What does the Canadian civil religion slide show?
The Princes’ Gates, inaugurated in 1927 by Princes George and Edward on the old grounds of Toronto military
23What is the “world civil religion” slide’s horizon, for Bellah?
Global peace
24Which symbols appear on the “world civil religion” slide?
Flags of the U.N., I.O.C., and Pride progress, the peace sign, and world religion symbols
25What two views of “religion” and “ritual” does the week 1 slide contrast?
A: irrational beliefs and practices that deceive and control; B: forms of social organization and collective feeling
26What are Gorski’s three rival traditions?
Civil religion, religious nationalism, and radical secularism
27What does religious nationalism want between religion and politics?
- Maximum fusion
- Partial overlap
- Total separation
28What does radical secularism want between religion and politics?
- Total separation
- Partial overlap
- Maximum fusion
29What does civil religion want between religion and politics?
- Partial overlap
- Total separation
- Maximum fusion
30What two sources feed American civil religion (Gorski)?
Prophetic religion and civic republicanism (“prophetic republicanism”)
31What two sources feed religious nationalism?
The conquest narrative and apocalypticism
32What two sources feed radical secularism?
Libertarian liberalism and total separationism
33Which biblical books ground the conquest narrative?
Joshua, Judges, and Kings
34Which biblical books ground prophetic religion?
The Latter Prophets such as Amos, Isaiah, and Jeremiah
35What does the God of the prophets demand instead of blood sacrifice?
Individual righteousness and social justice
36What does blood sacrifice mark in Gorski’s argument?
The divergence of prophetic religion and the conquest narrative, and the convergence of the conquest narrative and apocalyptic religion
37What is Gorski’s basic formula for American religious nationalism?
Apocalyptic politics plus the conquest narrative
38What is Gorski’s basic formula for American civil religion?
Prophetic religion plus civic republicanism
39How does the apocalyptic worldview read scripture?
Predictively, literally, premillennially, and vindictively
40What four dangers of apocalyptic religious nationalism does Gorski name?
Hubris, demonization of others, fatalism, and the annihilation of enemies
41What is religious nationalism to civil religion, per Gorski?
Its dark side
42What is radical secularism to civil religion, per Gorski?
The libertarian version of civil religion
43Which of Gorski’s traditions arrived first in America?
Civil religion, with the Puritans
44Where was religious nationalism born, per Gorski?
Out of the Puritans’ wars with the native peoples
45How do republicans and liberals differ on human nature (Gorski)?
Republicans: inherently social and political; liberals: unsocial, banding together for exchange or protection
46How does republican freedom differ from liberal freedom (Gorski)?
Republican: not subject to arbitrary will, not a slave to passions, being an active citizen; liberal: not being interfered with
47What does Gorski call perhaps the single greatest danger to the civil religious tradition today?
The weakening of civic republicanism
48What are the four elements of a tradition (Gorski)?
Canon, archive, pantheon, and narrative
49What is a “canon” for Gorski?
A set of widely known and read texts that serve as focal points for civic discussion and debate
50What is a “pantheon” for Gorski?
The founders, heroes, saints, and martyrs of civic life
51What is a “narrative” for Gorski?
An interpretation of the past that generates a vision of the future
52What is an “archive” for Gorski?
Texts, personages, and stories not presently part of the tradition but that might one day be incorporated
53Who sits at the apex of Gorski’s pantheon?
King, Lincoln, and Washington (in that order)
54Which biblical story loosely models many versions of the American civic narrative?
The Exodus
55Which Obama speech does Gorski quote?
The 2008 “race speech”
56How did African Americans retell the Exodus story by the Civil War, per Gorski?
They were the chosen people and white Americans were cast as the Egyptians
57Which chapter by Wiedenfeld is on the week 1 syllabus?
”Multicultural American Heroes: Reading Obama-Era Biopics of Jackie Robinson and Jesse Owens through the Lens of American Civil Religion”
58Who directed 42 (2013)?
Brian Helgeland
59What themes does Wiedenfeld list for 42 on the slide?
Christian evangelicalism, liberalism, libertarianism
60Who directed Race (2016)?
Stephen Hopkins
61What mix of nationalities made Race (slide)?
Canadian producers and star, German producers and settings, USA subject and actors, British director and writers
62What two ideas about ritual head week 2 (“The Power of Ritual”)?
Rituals ingrain orderly conduct; songs and poems praise exemplary heroes
63Whose classical views are studied in week 2?
Confucius and Plato
64When are the Analects dated, and who translated the course edition?
About 500 BC; Burton Watson
65What are the Analects, per the slide?
Conversations with Master Kong (Confucius), of the Ru school
66What period does the slide place Confucius in?
Feudal clans at war, about 500 BC
67What earlier period does the slide mark?
Three ancient dynasties, about 1000 BC
68What later date does the slide mark?
Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu, about 100 BC
69For Confucius, poems are the best means to what (slide)?
Orderly communities
70What does Analects 2.1 compare virtuous government to?
The North Star, with all the other stars paying court to it
71What does Analects 2.2 say the three hundred Odes sum up to?
”Think nothing base”
72In Analects 2.3, what happens with orders and penalties versus virtue and ritual?
Orders and penalties: people evade the law and lack shame; virtue and ritual: they have a sense of shame and become upright
73In what year does the slide date Plato’s Laws?
347 BC
74What dates do the slides give Plato and Classical Greece?
Plato 427-347 BC; Classical Greece 510-323 BC
75What did Plato found and when?
The Academy in Athens, 380s BC
76Which places does the slide say Plato traveled to?
Egypt and Sicily
77What two things do sports do for Plato (week 2 slide)?
Form lawful citizens and cultivate excellence
78Which book of Laws is studied, and where is its city set?
Book VII; a new city on Crete
79Who is educated in Laws VII?
Children of both sexes
80How does Plato describe ancestral customs in §793C?
Like builders’ props that securely wrap up the laws
81Which people’s method does Plato cite for dance, music, and sacred feasts (§797A)?
The Egyptians
82How do mothers calm sleepless children, per Plato §790C?
Combined movements of dance and song
83What are Plato’s early education stages?
0-3 years by nurses; 3-6 years through games at village temples (§793E); 6+ lessons separated by sex (§794C)
84Why do children’s games matter for legislation (§797B)?
Same games played the same way allow the real and serious laws to remain undisturbed
85What do gymnastic lessons train versus musical lessons (§795E)?
Gymnastic: the body; musical: the soul
86What two kinds of dancing are listed under gymnastic lessons?
Pacific and warlike
87Do girls get military training in Plato’s Laws (§794D)?
Yes, boys and girls go to teachers of riding, archery, javelin-throwing, and slinging
88Which warrior women appear on the Plato slide?
Sauromatian women
89What does Plato say about music for each sex (§802-03)?
Noble and manly is masculine; decorum and sedateness is feminine
90What life does Plato say deserves the name of “life” (§807C-D)?
One aiming at a Pythian or Olympian victory, occupied with bodily and spiritual excellence
91Whom does Plato say to praise in hymns (§801D)?
The gods first, then daemons and heroes
92Why is it not safe to praise the living (§802A)?
They have not yet traversed the whole of life and reached a noble end
93Who shares honours for excellence in Plato (§802A)?
Women as well as men
94What does sober music do, per Plato §802C?
A man reared on it detests the opposite kind and calls it “vulgar”
95What is the week 2 summary on Plato and heroes?
Stories of heroes cultivate resilient and orderly communities
96Who directed Tokyo Olympiad and who produced it?
Kon Ichikawa; IOC/Toho (1965)
97What was week 2’s in-class prompt on Tokyo Olympiad?
Describe a moment Confucius would approve or disapprove of, and explain why
98What was week 2’s in-class prompt on Plato?
Describe two reasons Plato’s Athenian thinks ideal citizens should play sports
99What is Hargreaves’s Sport, Power and Culture (1986) about?
A social and historical analysis of popular sports in Britain
100What does the week 3 slide call Victorian sport?
A ritual for the bourgeois ruling class, established in Victorian Britain, 1830-1900
101What was the week 3 slide question?
Why did sport become a modern social practice?
102Who was Rugby headmaster 1828-42?
Thomas Arnold
103What was Arnold’s aim, per Hargreaves?
To create an enlightened ruling class of educated men, “Christian gentlemen”
104What did Arnold want his men to resist, per Hargreaves?
The “crimes of Toryism,” the greed and vulgarity of industrialists, and the socialist claims of the oppressed
105What is “noblesse oblige” in Hargreaves’s account of Arnold?
Privileged men earn their position by attention to duty and ordered, restrained conduct as an example to the lower orders
106What happened to those who did not fit Arnold’s world?
They were ruthlessly excluded
107What did the “Christian gentleman” concept give primacy to?
Moral excellence and character training without neglecting the intellect
108What were English “public schools” (slide)?
Fee-paying boarding schools, not restricted to nobility, forming the 19th-century ruling class
109What four features make sport a “rational ritual” (slide)?
Rule-governed, team loyalty, moral excellence, clean and fit young men
110What does “amateur” connote versus “professional” (slide)?
Amateur: ruling class; professional: lower-class mechanics, artisans, and labourer professions
111What are the two phases on the week 3 slide?
1830-1875 bourgeois rule and sport practice established; 1880-1914 rational sport extended to working class culture
112What does the YMCA (1880s) illustrate on the slide?
A civilizing mission
113What does “rational control of play time” list?
Settlement houses, boys’ clubs, Boy Scouts, Boys’ Brigade, and church and school outreach
114What example of “sport for ladies” appears on the slide?
Roedean Public School for Girls, established 1885
115What was week 3’s in-class prompt on Hargreaves?
Why did elite British schools during the Victorian Era institute sports, in Hargreaves’s view?
116Who financed Chariots of Fire (slide)?
Mohamed Al-Fayed and Dodi Fayed
117Who directed Chariots of Fire?
Hugh Hudson
118Which 1924 Olympians does the slide list for Chariots of Fire?
Eric Liddell and Harold Abrahams
119What question does the week 2-3 slide ask about Chariots of Fire?
What meaning does the film convey for the UK in 1981?
120Who was Hegel, per the slide?
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 1770 (Stuttgart) to 1831 (Berlin)
121When are Hegel’s Lectures on Aesthetics dated on the slide?
1835
122Which thinkers did Hegel’s idealism influence (slide)?
Kierkegaard, Marx, Adorno, and Eisenstein
123What is reason for Hegel (slide)?
Self-aware spirit that has freedom
124Which is higher for Hegel: artistic beauty or natural beauty?
Artistic beauty
125What do nations deposit in works of art, per Hegel?
The profoundest intuitions and ideas of their hearts
126What does art do, per the slide?
Renders ideas in sensuous forms
127What is “pathos” (πάθος) for Hegel?
An inherently justified power over the heart, an essential content of rationality and freedom of will; the true centre of art
128What gives character “living interest,” per Hegel p. 238?
Many-sidedness
129What are the three types of poetry on the slide?
Narrated story: epic; performed story: drama; poet speaks to self: lyric
130What is the epic, per Hegel p. 1045?
The Saga, the Book, the Bible of a people, expressing its original spirit
131What does the epic still demand, per Hegel p. 1046?
An immediate unity of feeling with action
132What does the epic imply a belief in (slide)?
National character
133What does the epic hero embody (slide)?
The spirit of a people
134What is a genuinely epical event, per Hegel p. 1051?
An action ramified into the whole of its age and national circumstances, demanding portrayal of that world in its entirety
135Which epic does the slide give as an example?
The Ramayana
136What question closes the week 4 slides?
Can sports movies be epics?
137What was week 4’s in-class prompt on Hegel?
Could Hegel’s epic poem be a movie? Give two reasons how so, or why not
138What was week 4’s in-class prompt on The Athlete?
How is The Athlete oriented to Ethiopians living abroad? One formal aspect and one aspect of character and story content
139Who wrote “Contesting Visions of Ethiopia in Two Amharic Sports Films”?
Michael W. Thomas
140Which two films does Thomas compare?
The Athlete (2009) and Yenegen Alweldim (I Won’t Bear No More)
141What is Amharic, per Thomas?
The official working language of Ethiopia
142What does Thomas say about Ethiopia’s position in Africa?
Second most populous nation in Africa and the only African nation to maintain sovereignty against European colonial aggression
143How many ethnolinguistic groups does Thomas say Ethiopia has?
Over 80
144Which sport gave Ethiopia world power status since the 1960s, per Thomas?
Middle- and long-distance running
145When did Ethiopia’s commercial, locally produced film industry become established, per Thomas?
Beginning in the early 2000s
146Which Higson claim does Thomas question?
That a stable national identity can only succeed at the expense of representing internal differences of class, race, gender, region
147What does Thomas say sporting success does in Ethiopia?
Brings together peoples from different ethnic groups and religions in support of athletes representing Ethiopia
148What dates does the slide give for the Ethiopian Empire and Haile Selassie?
Empire 1855-1974; Haile Selassie 1916-74
149When was Ethiopia’s multi-ethnic federal state established (slide)?
1991
150Who directed The Athlete and what kind of production was it?
Rasselas Lakew and Davey Frankel; USA-Germany-Ethiopia co-production (2009)
151Who is The Athlete’s subject, per the poster?
Abebe Bikila, the world’s first Olympic marathon double gold medallist
152Which audience was The Athlete aimed at, per Thomas?
A global audience, not specifically the local Ethiopian cinema-going public
153Which language is The Athlete’s voice-over narration, per Thomas?
English, a clear indicator of whom the film addresses
154How did Thomas say The Athlete represents Ethiopia?
Hegemonic, nostalgic national culture through Bikila and stunning vistas of the highlands, countering negative stereotypes of Ethiopia and Africa
155How successful was The Athlete on the festival circuit, per Thomas?
Featured in over 40 festivals and won 14 awards
156How did Rasselas Lakew describe himself, per Thomas?
”More of an American filmmaker,” having lived in New York for 14 years
157Who is Jeffrey C. Alexander, per the slide?
Author of The Civil Sphere (2006), a student of Robert Bellah
158What tradition does CST draw broadly from?
The late Durkheimian tradition
159What question motivates CST (slide)?
How can belief in democracy act as a social force?
160What does CST say modern societies are structured by?
Not only economic and political forces but also a solidary sphere regulated by utopian ideals of civil solidarity
161What is the civil sphere (slide)?
A collective feeling of democratic solidarity exerting real force on society; an idealized community of citizens supporting democratic institutions
162Which non-civil spheres does the civil sphere confront (Alexander and Horgan)?
Economy, state, religion, ethnicity, and family
163What are the civil qualities (slide)?
Autonomy, rationality, honesty, cooperativeness
164What are the anti-civil qualities (slide)?
Dependence, irrationality, dishonesty, selfishness, aggression
165Why is civil discourse “dangerous,” per Alexander and Horgan?
It is binary: it purifies but also pollutes, and so includes and excludes
166What are “primordial” qualities (slide)?
Non-democratic elements of a society’s founding groups mistaken as essential, excluding people with opposing “uncivilized” qualities
167What examples of anti-civil exclusion does the slide give?
Scots and Jews (only English Christians civil); women (only adult men civil); “they” are dependent, irrational, selfish, dishonest, conspiratorial
168Who founded America’s civil sphere, per Alexander (Civil Repair)?
White, male, heterosexual Anglo-Saxon Protestants
169What strains trigger civil repair (Alexander and Horgan p. 16)?
Strains from contradictions between founding primordial qualities and non-civil pressures, triggering movements for civil repair
170What is the slide goal of “repairing solidarity”?
Expand membership
171What is “frontlash” (slide)?
Advance the civil sphere over other spheres and expand civil recognition
172What is “backlash” (slide)?
Subordinate the civil sphere to other spheres and narrow civil recognition
173How does civil repair work, per Alexander (2025)?
Activists persuasively pollute the old order as anti-civil, and communicative institutions spread the critique into public opinion
174Which examples of civil repair does Alexander give?
Feminists polluting patriarchy, Black civil rights activists polluting whiteness, Dalit protesters polluting casteism
175Which institutions communicate civil judgments, per Alexander?
Journalists, filmmakers, novelists, voluntary associations, pressure groups, and polling
176What are the civil sphere’s regulative institutions, per Alexander?
Voting (elections), law, office, and political parties
177What is “whiplash” in civil repair?
Losses and broken hearts among those on the losing side of progress
178Which backlash examples does Alexander give?
The KKK and Jim Crow after Reconstruction, Nazism after Weimar, and right-wing populism or Trumpism
179What did Alexander say Weber ignored?
Secular civic republicanism and the cultural foundations of Western democracy
180What is Alexander’s critique of Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Foucault, Bourdieu, and Bauman?
Their critical theories are one-sided and fail to recognize the democratic thread in modern life
181What do movies do in the civil sphere (Alexander and Horgan p. 6)?
Social performances representing solidarity through meaningful structures of feeling, supporting boundary changes
182What question does the week 5 slide ask of movies?
How do state, economic, and other spheres affect production and exhibition?
183What is the title of Alexander’s companion volume to Civil Repair?
Frontlash/Backlash
184Who directed Offside (2006)?
Jafar Panahi
185What does Offside’s poster say about women in Iran?
In Iran, women are banned from men’s sporting events
186Which event does Offside’s poster mention?
In June 2005, Iran defeated Bahrain to qualify for the World Cup
187Which award did Offside win, per the poster?
Silver Bear (Berlin Film Festival)
188What was week 5’s in-class prompt on Offside?
Why might an Iranian censor approve all or most of Offside; and one instance of the civil sphere confronting a non-civil sphere
189Who wrote “Cinema as an Alternative Media: Offside by Jafar Panahi”?
Hasan Gurkan
190Who wrote the Sight and Sound pieces on Panahi and Iranian cinema?
Ali Jaafar
191What does the vernacular modernism slide say classical cinema is?
Systematic production and storytelling: unity, harmony, transparency; not high modernism
192What question opens the vernacular modernism slides?
Is mainstream cinema classical art, or modern art?
193What does the slide say modernity involves?
Industrial and social revolution, and sensory mediation (not natural)
194Which modern themes mark Shanghai cinema (slide)?
City/country antithesis, and women characters symbolizing contradictions of modernity
195Who wrote “Fallen Women, Rising Stars, New Horizons: Shanghai Silent Film as Vernacular Modernism”?
Miriam Bratu Hansen (Film Quarterly, 2000)
196What does Hansen say Queen of Sport promotes?
A new physicality, in line with the emerging New Life Movement
197Which Western qualities does Hansen see in Queen of Sport?
An Americanist celebration of youth and shining white teeth, and seriality and collectivity staged through mass ornament shots
198What does Hansen say happens to the “falling woman” stereotype?
It slides into an alternative that does not exactly conform to Confucian standards
199How does Hansen say the star’s body is shown?
As a privileged site of visual pleasure and display, a relay of desire and identification with modern fashion and consumption
200Who wrote “Sports Queen” in Chinese Film Classics, 1922-1949?
Christopher G. Rea
201What message does Rea say Sports Queen extends to women?
Self-strengthening the nation, harnessing women’s charisma to the cause
202How does Rea contrast Li Lili with Anna May Wong?
Li: dressed for physical activity, outdoors, “natural,” barefoot; Wong: silks, makeup, high heels, slinky sensuality
203How does Rea contrast Li Lili with Ruan Lingyu?
Li: robust physique and upbeat personality; Ruan: delicate, fragile, and melancholy
204What else does Rea say Sports Queen offers besides healthy patriotism?
Visual pleasure, including the star’s “frisky” and “spontaneous sexuality”
205Who directed Queen of Sport (1934) and who stars?
Sun Yu (Lianhua); Li Lili (黎莉莉)
206Who directed and wrote The Goddess (1934) and who stars?
Wu Yonggang; Ruan Lingyu
207What does the slide say The Big Road (1934, Sun Yu) shows?
Worker-led solidarity against a foreign (Japanese) threat
208What did the 1911 Revolution do?
Replaced the Qing dynasty with a republic
209When was the Chinese civil war (slide)?
1927-1949
210What did Chiang Kai-shek do in 1927 (slide)?
Established a national government and purged communists from the Kuomintang (KMT)
211What happened in 1937 and 1949 (slide)?
1937 Japan invaded Shanghai; 1949 Chiang and the KMT fled to Taipei
212What was the 1932 Film Group, League of Left-Wing Writers?
Chinese Communist Party affiliated; tried to evade censorship; dominated Yihua (1932) and Diantong (1934) studios early on
213When was Lianhua founded, and what were its units?
1930; owner loyal to Chiang Kai-shek; three production units, one left-wing
214What were the Far Eastern Championship Games (slide)?
Games held 1913-1934, studied by Hübner as a sporting “civilizing mission” and vision of modernization
215How did a 1913 Philippines Free Press piece describe the Far Eastern Olympiad?
As “democracy in itself” and a sign of progress and the rise of the common man
216What did Japan do in 1934 (slide)?
Applied to host the 1940 Olympic Games
217How were women included in the Far Eastern Games (slide)?
1930: two Chinese women athletes accompanied two male flag bearers at the opening; 1934: women’s events on par with men’s
218What was week 6’s in-class prompt on Queen of Sports?
Two features exemplifying vernacular modernism; and one moment supporting Nationalist government initiatives
219Who directed Olympia (1938)?
Leni Riefenstahl
220What is Les Raquetteurs (1958)?
A 15-minute NFB film by Michel Brault and Gilles Groulx
221Who wrote Michel Brault: Cinema as History (2007)?
André Loiselle
222Which screening pairs with Gorski and Wiedenfeld (week 1)?
42 (2013)
223Which screening pairs with Confucius and Plato (week 2)?
Tokyo Olympiad (1965)
224Which screening pairs with Hargreaves (week 3)?
Chariots of Fire (1981)
225Which screening pairs with Hegel and Thomas (week 4)?
The Athlete (2009)
226Which screening pairs with Alexander and Horgan, Gurkan, and Jaafar (week 5)?
Offside (2006)
227Which screening pairs with Hansen and Rea (week 6)?
Queen of Sport (1934), plus an Olympia (1938) excerpt
228Which screening pairs with Loiselle (week 7)?
Les Raquetteurs (1958)
229Which director made Chariots of Fire?
- Hugh Hudson
- Kon Ichikawa
- Sun Yu
- Jafar Panahi
230Which director made Tokyo Olympiad?
- Kon Ichikawa
- Hugh Hudson
- Brian Helgeland
- Leni Riefenstahl
231Which director made Offside?
- Jafar Panahi
- Sun Yu
- Stephen Hopkins
- Hugh Hudson
232Which director made 42?
- Brian Helgeland
- Stephen Hopkins
- Hugh Hudson
- Kon Ichikawa
233Which director made Queen of Sport?
- Sun Yu
- Wu Yonggang
- Kon Ichikawa
- Jafar Panahi
234Which thinker says rituals ingrain orderly conduct?
- Confucius
- Hegel
- Bellah
- Hargreaves
235Which thinker says the epic hero embodies the spirit of a people?
236Which author describes sport as a ritual for the bourgeois ruling class?
- Hargreaves
- Hegel
- Hansen
- Alexander
237Which author developed civil repair and frontlashacklash?
- Alexander
- Gorski
- Hansen
- Bellah
238Which author wrote on Shanghai silent film as vernacular modernism?