BIOL 211 Exam 5

one that is introduced to an area and grows to a large population size and disrupts species native to the area

genetic, species, ecosystem

size, density, dispersion, demography, genetic characteristics

composition of a population

what is happening to the gene pool

introducing genetic diversity to save species

survivorship, life history trade-offs, growth rates

a fitness benefit in one trait may result in a fitness cost for a different trait

the proportion of individuals surviving to a given age

high survivorship for juveniles, low survivorship for older individuals(ex. humans)

uniform survivorship for each age group(ex. squirrels)

low survivorship for juveniles, high survivorship for older individuals(ex. insects)

grow quickly, reach sexual maturity at a young age, and produce many small eggs or seeds

grow slowly, invest their time/energy in traits that reduce damage from enemies, and increase their own ability to compete for resources

a few individuals colonize a new habitat with plentiful resources, a devastated population begins to recover starting with a few individuals

there is a resource-dependence limit to the number of individuals that can occupy a habitat

human disturbances, climate disturbances, predation, competition, disease/parasitism

commensalism(+/0), consumption(-/+), mutualism(+/+), competition(-/-)

one species benefits but the other species is unaffected

may harm or sometimes kill, varies in intimacy and lethality

passive defenses(camoflage), escape behavior, schooling, mechanical defenses, intimidation, faking death, chemical defenses, mimicry

both species benefit

intraspecific(same species), interspecific(different species), exploitation(indirectly consume limited resource), interference(directly interact by physical force/intimidation)

competition-related concept, the sum of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

if two species use: the same resources at the same time and place, two species cannot occupy the same niche

one species will go extinct, or one species will be restricted to areas of non-overlap

total range of environmental conditions that a species can tolerate

the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies; limiting factors include competition with other species

a species that plays a unique role in the way ecosystems function; their effect is greater than their biomass would suggest

1. apex predator lost 2. herbivore populations increase exponentially 3. vegetation is over-consumed 4. major ecosystem effects due to loss and/or change in vegetation

number of different species

relative species abundance

weighted index of richness and evenness

species that are found in a very limited area

a disturbance that removes all life, including soil

a disturbance that alters biological community, but does NOT remove soil

competition, reproductive requirements, parasitism, etc.

temperature, precipitation, sunlight, wind, soil qualities, etc.

at the equator and higher latitudes

human activity overrides other factors

salinity, water depth, water flow, nutrient availability

biotic community of organisms in an area plus the abiotic environment affecting that community

solar to chemical energy, lost as heat, cannot be recycled

gross primary productivity; total chemical energy produced

net primary productivity; new tissue produced

producers; producers transform solar to organic energy

conversion of light energy to autotroph tissue(plant energy)

conversion plant tissue to herbivore tissue

conversion of energy in herbivore tissue to carnivore tissue

percentage of energy consumed by an organism that becomes new biomass

age, organism, energetics

1. water 2. nitrogen 3. phosphorus 4. carbon

increased runoff and flooding, smaller root systems, aquifers smaller

eutrophication(excessive nutrients in water leads to dense plant growth and animal deaths), fertilizer increases plant biomass

running out of resources, eutrophication, pollution

reduce phosphorus by 90%, reduce nitrogen by 85%, take up nutrients

CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat radiated from Earth, all gasses increasing dramatically

phenological shifts, range shifts, evolutionary adaptation, extinction, acidification

habitat destruction, wild cats, invasive possums, loss of pollinators, invasive plants, hunting, dam building

provisioning, ecosystem regulation, cultural services, supporting services, ethical considerations

providing raw materials for human use

habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species/disease, pollution, climate change

ozone healing, acid rain reduced, less endangered species

reuse, recycle, buy high quality, walk, bike, etc.

over 50%

<0.1%

10%