1010 lect 1 exam

the capacity to maintain or improve the state and availability of desired material or conditions

greatest experimental scientist, asymmetric chemistry, disproved spontaneous generation, started microbiology, started epudimeaology, made medicine a science, explained deseases like rabies, anthrax, and cholera

1.life is orginized 2.life involves the expression amd transmission of genetic information 3.life requires energy and transformation 4.organisms interact with other organisms and the physical enviroment 5.evolution

1.new properties emerge at each level in the biological hiearchy 2.structure and function are correlated in biological orginization 3.the cell is an organisms basic unit of structure and function

biosphere -> ecosystems -> communities -> populations -> organisms -> organ systems -> organ -> tissues -> cells -> organelles -> molecules -> atoms

consists of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere; it is what all life inhibits

all living and non living organisms in a specific area

all organisms in an ecosystem

all the individuals of a species living within a specified area

individual living things

a group of organs that carry out functions

an organ is a body part of 2 or more tissues that carries out a particular function

an organized group cells of a particular type

the fundamental unit of organisms

functional, membrane enclosed components that make up cells present in eukaryotic cells

molecules are composed of atoms

emergent propertied redult from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system

a leaf is flat and thin to maximise the capture of light by chloroplasts

lowest, all

are enclosed my a membrane, use dna as genetic information, have ribosomes

have organelles and a nucleus

1.simpler 2.smaller 3.dont contain a nucleaus or organelles

bacteria and archaea

carbohydrates, lipids and protiens

carbon, phosphorous, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen

the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring

a tree takes up water and minerals from the soil and co2 from the air

materials aquired by plants eventually return to the soil

the supposed production of living organisms from nonliving matter as inferred from the apparent appearence of life in some supposudly sterile enviroments

1.the more electrons you put in the way, the more radiation you will abosorb 2.the absorption is almost entirley due to photons interacting with electrons

they are properties that become apparent and result from various interacting components within a system but are properties that do not belong to the individual components themselves

the exploration of biological systems by analyzing the interactions among its parts

a group whose members can only reproduce with other members of the group

complete set of chromosomes, identical to that of the parent cell

one very long DNA molecule with hundereds or thousands of genes

its ability to store information

made up of 2 long chains, called stands, arranged in a double helix

called nucleotides abbreviated to A,T,C, and G

ribonucleic acid

transcribed into Rna then are translated into a linked series of protein building blocks called amino acids.

the process by which the information of a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product

carrying the instruction for making proetiens and RNAs and by replicating eith each cell division

the entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherites

the use of compuational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high throughput methods

heat

regulates that very process

reduces the intital stimulus

speeds up its own production

a directional change to the global climate that lasts for 3 decades or more

chlorophyll

70-95%

because its polar

of polarity

the weakest

1.cohesive behaviour 2.ability to moderate temperature 3.expansion upon freezing 4.versatility as a solvent

hydrogen bonds hold water together

a measure of how hard it is to break the surface if a liquid

absorbs, releases stored heat

slight, its own temperature

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its oen temperature by 1°C

1 cal|g/°C

because of its high soecific heat capacity

the transformation of a substance from liquid to gas

the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 to be converted to gas

as a liquid evaporated, its remaining surface cools

a homogenous mixture of substances

the dissolving agent of a solution

the substance that is dissolved

water is the solvent

one that has an affinity for water

a substance that does not have an affinity for water

any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution

any substance that reduced the H+ concentration of a solution

cellulose, which is made of water and has carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

6•10^23 molecules

a substance that minimizes the changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

as water evaporates from a leaf, hydrigen bonds cause water molecules leaving the veins to tug on molecules farther down, and the upward pull is transmitted though the water conducting cells all the way to the roots. adhesion of water by hydrogen bonds the molecules of cell walls helps counter the downward pull of gravity

anything that moves

the kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

it represents the average of kinetic energy

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

fats

a large amount of energy

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

different covalent arrangements of their atoms

have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements

isomers that are mirror images of each other

louis pasteur

the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Amino

acts as a base, is ionized with a charge of +1 under cellular conditions

sulfhydril/thiol

1.stabilizes protein structures

phosphate

1.conteibutes to negative charge 2.has the potential to react with water, releasing energy

alcohol

1.is polar 2.can form hydrogen bonds with waterto help dissolve organic compounds

ketone

is a major sugar

carboxylix acid

1.has acidic properties 2.found in ionized form with a charge of -1

its electrin configuration

CH4 and 109.5

carbons that have covalent bonds to the same atoms but differ in their spatial arrangments due to the inflexibility if double bonds

because of an asynnetric carbon

a recongnizable tag on biological molecules

C2H6

C2H4

1.carbohydrates 2.lipids 3.proteins 4.nucleic acid

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

sugars and polymers of sugars

1. energy sources 2. energy storage 3.cell recognition 4.mechanical structures

molecular formula of variation of CH2O

glucose(c6h12o6)

its fromed when a dehydration reaction joins 2 monosaccharid3s

polymers of sugars

storage and structural roles

polymers

because they consist of mostly hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds

fats, phospholipids and steroids

glycerol and fatty acids

3carbon, alchol, and a hydroxyl geoup attacjed to each carbon

a carboxyl attached to a long carbon structure

three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage, creating tricaglycerol or triglyceride

maximum number of hydrogens possible with no double bonds

to store energy

2 fatty acids and a phosphate attached to a glycerol

hydrophobic，hydrophilic

lipids consisting of 4 fused rings

1.structural support 2.storage 3.transport 4.cellular communication 5.movement 6.defense agaisnt foreign substances

polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

one or more

carboxyl and amino groups

RNA, proteins

1.primary structure 2.secondary structure 3.tertiary structure 4.quaternary structure

sequence of amino acids

coils and folds in the polypeptide

3d structure

multiple polypeptides

PH, salt concentration, temeperature, other enviromental factors

lqrge molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

the process of making proteins based on the information encoded in genes

1.phosphate 2.sugar 3.nitrogenous base

phosphate and sugar

1.guaninr 2.thymine 3.adenine 4.cytosine 5.uracil

pyramidines and purines

cytosine, thymine, and uracil have a single six membered ring

adenine and guanine have a six membered ring fused to a five membered rinf

it controls protein synthesis

in ribosomes

polypeptide based catalysts that speed up biological reactions

-ase

protists, fungi, animals and plants

1.plasma membrane 2.semifluid substance called cytosol 3.chromosomes (carry genes) 4.ribosomes (make proteins)

1.no nucleus 2.DNA in unbound region called nucleoid 3.no membrane bound organelles 4.cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

from light

from chemicals

nutrients from organic compounds

when they live in extreme enviroments

lives in a highly saline enviroment

thrive in hot environments

decomposers

1.metganogens 2.extreme halophiles 3.extreme thermophiles

peptidoglycan

1.maintenance of shape 2.protection 3.homeostasis

binary fission

1.rapid reproduction 2.mutation 3.genetic recombination

1.protects cell 2.controls the content of the cytoplasm 3.senses molecules and other cells in the enviroment 4.selectivly permeable 5.fluid mosaic 6 bind to cytoplasm and extracellular matrix

proteins and phospholipids

protein synthesis

protein degradation