Patho Pulmonary Exam #2

uncomfortable labored breathing

dyspnea when a person is LYING DOWN

awake at night gasping for air

Cough
Abnormal sputum
Hemoptysis
Abnormal breathing patterns
Hypoventilation
Hyperventilation
Cyanosis
Clubbing
Pain

Acute cough -> short
Chronic cough -> long

clear sputum -> irritant, allergies, nothing wrong
yellow to green -> bacterial infection

coughing up blood

Kussmaul respirations (hyperpnea) -> labored breathing
Cheyne-Stokes respirations -> alternating patterns deep and shallow

breathing too slow causes hypercapnia
decreased oxygen

an increased carbon dioxide concentration in the arterial blood caused by hypoventilation of the alveoli
not enough oxygen

breathing too fast exceeding metabolic demands causes hypocapnia
too much oxygen

decreased CO2
too much O2
blood becoming alkaline

blue discoloration

long term problems with oxygen exchange
ex: cystic fibrosis

it hurts to breathe

Hypercapnia
Hypoxemia
Acute respiratory failure

reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
ventilation-perfusion abnormalities

reduced oxygenation of cells in tissues (ischemia)

Chest wall restriction
Flail chest

compromise chest wall
hypovolemic
deformation, immobilization, and/or obesity

instability of a portion of the chest wall
pushes contents left to right or right to left

Pneumothorax
Pleural effusions

presence of air/ blood trapped in lungs
lung collapses -> put chest tube in

filled with blood

fluid in the pleural space

Transudative (watery)
Exudative (WBCs and plasma proteins)
Hemothorax (blood)
Empyema (pus)
Chylothorax (chyle) -> milk kind of substance, fatty substacne

Aspiration
Atelectasis
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiolitis
Pulmonary fibrosis
Inhalation disorders
Pulmonary edema
Acute respiratory distress syndrome

passage of fluid and solid particles into the lungs
vomit, saliva, blood

collapse of lung tissue/ alveoli

Compression atelectasis
Obstructive (absorption) atelectasis
Surfactant impairment (adhesive) actelectasis

persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi

inflammatory obstruction of the small airways
most common in children
occurs in adults with chronic bronchitis, in association with a viral infection, or with inhalation of toxic gases

excessive amount of fibrous tissue in lung
idiopathic or caused by scar tissue

toxic gases
pneumoconiosis
hypersensitivity alveolitis

silica -> plastic
absestos
coal -> black lung disease

allergic reaction from inhaled particles or fumes

excess water in the lungs

acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury that results from injury or severe inflammation

how they react when inflammed
exudative (within 72 hours)
proliferative (4 to 21 days)
fibrotic (14 to 21 days) -> scarred all over, severe enough = lung transplant

increased work of breathing
decreased tidal volume
hypoventilation

chronic inflammation of the airways
causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction of airways, and reversible airflow obstruction

expiratory wheezing
dyspnea
tachypnea

persistent airflow limitation
usually progressive
most common chronic lung disease in world

tobacco smoke
occupational dusts and chemicals
air pollution
any factor affecting lung growth during gestation or childhood

hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough that lasts for at least 3 months of the year and for at least 2 consecutive years
inspired irritants increase mucus production and the size and number of mucous glands
mucus is thicker than normal

bronchodilators
expectorants
chest physical therpay

abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas-exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls wihtout obvious fibrosis
floppy fibrosis

acute infection or inflammation of the airways or bronchi
commonly follows a viral illness
causes symptoms similar to those of pneumonia but does not demonstrate pulmonary consolidation and chest infiltrates

lower lobes of lungs/ LRT infection
caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protoza, or parasites

community acquired (CAP) -> streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza)
healthcare acquired (HCAP)
ventilator-associated (VAP)

infection of Myobacterium tuberculosis
leading cause of death from curable infectious disease in the words
airborne transmission
caseous necrosis (liquifative and coagulative)

occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vasuclar bed by an embolus

blood clot
issue fragment
lipids
foreign body
air bubble
amniotic fluid

commonly arise from the deep veins in the lower leg

secondary to pulmonary hypertension
right ventricular enlargement

chronic pressure overload in the right ventricle