Micro Test 3

is the sum total of all microbes found on and in humans
for every human cell that makes up your body are 100 to 1,000 bacteria cells associated with your body
humans didn't invent antibiotics
interchangeable with normal flora

when pass through birth canal newborns acquire bacteria such as Lactobacillus--cotton swab birth canal & put on baby after C-section
still considered germ free at birth--not born with normal flora
soon after birth continue to acquire bacteria from environmental exposure and food
colonized by Escherichia coli soon after birth

contains bacteria that help colonize the newborn gut
lactation centers -> human milk have variety of factors for human health
few of the many species of bacteria that occur in nature can actually cause disease in humans

refers to severity of disease caused by microbe
rabies -> high virulence

when a microbe has lost the ability to cause disease
measles, mumps, rubella vaccine -> live attenuated virus that multiplied to give immunity

the study of the cause of a disease

a microbe that causes a specific disease or condition
clostridium tetani is etiologic agent for tetanus

Staphylococcus epidermidis predominate bacteria (good at growing in hypertonic environment)
staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, and yeast such as Candida albicans

are 100's of different species
streptococcus mutans -> etiologic agent for cavities

many
an important bacteria is Neisseria meningitides (everyone has in their nose)--causes what is known as meningococcal meningitis
goes from nose into central nervous system could be due to not eating right, not sleeping enough, stressed
Meningitis vaccine -> grown in lab & injected

Lots of bacteria--escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Shigella, many others
Referred to as the "enterics" -> found in the intestine
bacteria inside will spill out into abdomen when integrity is compromised

fewer bacteria than large
very serious when integrity of intestine is damaged
bacteria inside will spill out into abdomen when integrity is compromised

even fewer bacteria than small intestine

some Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas
normal conditions -> few but not large numbers

get somewhere they don't belong can be very bad or dangerous

free or have few bacteria

are microorganisms that have claimed health benefits when consumed
many are killed by the acid in the stomach before they can multiply in the intestine
alcohol can kill bacteria -> probiotics to address
important concept that started 15 years ago

the thought that chemicals can promote growth of bacteria beneficial to the body

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
major problem in post-surgical wound infections
common in the environment and 20% of people may be carriers
good hygiene practices may reduce
found on skin

means the bacteria is present but not making you sick or causing disease

means it is present and making you sick

a localized region of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue

an accumulation of dead phagocytes and bacteria and fluid

a host response to tissue damage characterized by redness, pain, heat, swelling
result of an infection

an infection of hair follicles often appear as pimples

superficial bacterial infection that causes the skin to flake or peel off, skin may become crusted on margin of lesion
common in children
not a serious disease but can be highly contagious
a newborn -> Staphylococcus aureus
2 years or older -> Streptococcus pyogenes--is a Beta hemolytic strep

strep throat, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome, inner ear infections
can also be a flesh eating bacteria

blistering and peeling of skin
Staphylococcus aureus

normal flora of skin--produces green pigment
common cause of dermatitis
resistant to disinfectants such as chlorine so causes "swimmers ear"
associate with dirty hot tubs
major cause of death in burn patients -> skin and bandages turn green
cause of pneumonia in humans esp cystic fibrosis -> cough up green

refers to any inflammation of the skin
there are many different forms and causes of it
usually consists of an itchy rash and reddened, swollen skin

caused when bacteria infect the layer of connective tissue below the skin--the facia
rare but often serious
known as "flesh eating bacteria disease"
caused by genus Streptococcus (pyogenes) but other bacteria can infect the facia

most recently in seawater--gulf coast of US
often follows minor cuts, abrasions, etc.

associated with certain Staphylococcus
part of normal flora
bacteria produce potent toxin when able to multiply
primarily in women

causes cystic acne

are typically small numbers of normal flora such as staphylococcus associated with the eye lids, outer surface of the eyeballs, etc.
is not a sterile environment

inflammation of the mucus membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the outer surface of the eyeball
a variety of bacteria in addition to viruses and other microbes--protozoa & fungi--can cause it
wear contacts = greater risk

most often Staphylococcus & Pseudomonas & others

serious form of conjunctivitis
caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
acquired as newborn passes through birth canal
all newborns receive antibiotic in eye within one hour after birth as precaution
also prevents clamydia trachomatis--but is for Neisseria gonorrhoeae

centers around thimersol--a preservative in some inactivated vaccines

1) Live-attenuated vaccines
2) Inactivated vaccines
3) Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines
4) Toxoid vaccines

use a weakend (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a disease
people with weakened immune systems, long-term health problems, or people who've had organ transp should talk with provider bc contain weakened live virus
need to be kept cool -> don't travel well
can't be used in countries with limited access to refrigerators
does not contain preservatives

Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) 1971
Rotavirus 1998
Smallpox 1779
Chickenpox 1995
Yellow fever

some contain thimerosal--which does contain mercury--so some contention affect nervous system and thus autism
uses the killed version of germ that causes a disease
usually don't provide immunity (protection) that's as strong as live vaccines -> may need several doses over time (boosters) in order to get ongoing immunity
contain preservatives

Hepatitis A
Flu
Polio 1953
Rabies

use specific pieces of germ--like its protein, sugar, or capsid (a casting around the germ)
contains preservatives

Hib
Hepatitis B
HPV
Whooping cough
Pneumococcal disease
Meningococcal disease
Shingles

uses toxin (harmful product) made by the germ that causes a disease
create immunity to the parts of the germ that cause a disease instead of the germ itself
immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of the whole germ
may need booster shots to get ongoing protection
contains preservatives

Diphtheria Tetanus

new type of vaccine
long range implications are unknown
spurs healthy cells to produce viral proteins that stimulate a potent immune response

inflammation of the meninges which is usually caused by an infection
can be caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

inflammation of the brain itself which is usually caused by an infection
blood vessels in the brain are selective to what allows in the brain & is called "blood brain barrier"
so makes hard to treat encephalitis

1) Neisseria meningitides
2) Haemophilis influenza
3) Streptococcus pneumonia
Listeria monocytogenes--in elderly and immunocompromised (not apart of normal flora)

part of normal flora of nasopharynx (throat) in some individuals
causes what is known as meningococcal meningitis
vaccine--vaccinated to this bacterium, enhanced protection to meningitis caused by this bacteria

part of normal flora of throat
at one time thought to cause the flu and how it got its name
primarily a childhood disease--Hib vaccine -> form antibodies to keep bacteria in throat

can cause pneumococcal pneumonia
can also cause meningitis
vaccine available

usually get CSF--cerebrospinal fluid -> spinal tap
immediately do a Gram stain
bacteria not supposed to be there

produces one of the most potent toxins known (kills half a million people every year)
the toxin prevents the relaxation pathway so muscles stay in contraction
typically one of the first groups affected are muscles in the jaw -> lock jaw
vaccine since 1940s--if untreated very often fatal
still a problem in many parts of the world
can now treat tetanus by giving anti-toxin (antibodies to toxin)
arching back, locking jaw, clenching of arms

grow bacteria in lab--isolate tetanus toxin--denature or treat toxin with formaldehyde (or similar agent)
have inactivated toxin (called a toxoid)
inject and will induce formation of protective anti-toxin antibodies

common in environment, soil, etc.
typically if ingest spores not a problem
most often ingest performed toxin in food--a form of food poisoning
most cases a result of improper food presevation--fail to eliminate spores, etc.
toxins not formed in acidic foods like tomatoes, green beans, etc.
toxin is destroyed by most cooking procedures
botulism is considered a rare disease

sealed environment -> bacteria can multiply & produce toxin that causes flaccid paralysis
(blocks release of acetylchlorine)
cannot contract muscles

spore in theory could germinate in newborn intestine--release toxin--cause flaccid paralysis
honey in newborns may be a risk factor for SIDS -> grown from their feces
why not to give honey to newborns
cannot prove meets Koch's postulates

grows in peripheral nervous sytem--nerves that connect outer part of body to CNS
causes a disease known as leprosy--medical term is Hansen's disease
get disfiguring nodules on body (lion face) -> separate people who look like that into colonies
bone reabsorbed and get disfigurement
not considered highly contagious
armadillos are natural host for the bacteria
like 30C and generation time in 12 days cannot grow on laboratory media

would expect no bacteria in these areas under normal conditions

presence of unwanted bacteria or bacterial products in the blood

overwhelming body-wide inflammatory response to a pathogen or toxin

most dangerous stage of sepsis in which a patients blood pressure may drop to the point that blood is not adequately propelled into tissue & organs leading to tissue death

accompanies sepsis and septic shock
inflammation of lymphatic vessels--red streaks underneath the surface of the skin
darker skin -> harder to see/can't be seen

tissue inner lining of the heart

is inflammation of the endocardium
result of bacterial infection in blood--bacteria adhere to endocardial tissue
often Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

bacteria colonize valves of heart--and they do not function properly
also often S. aureus or S. pyogenes

inflammation (infection) of the heart muscle itself

inflammation (infection) of fluid filled sac around the heart (pericardium)

historically most common infectious heart disease in children in US
result of repeated episodes of strep throat or long durations
body makes antibodies to the bacteria
in rare cases antibodies attach to a protein on surface of heart that is similar in structure to what occurs on the surface of the bacteria -> which leads to inflammation of the heart and heart damage-a weakened heart
50% of all sore throats are viral in nature

now considered the most common infectious heart disease in children in US
exact cause is not known--seems to follow a viral infection all that is known about cause
is an autoimmune disease--antibodies formed attach to blood vessel wall around heart-aorta-cause inflammation-vessel vasculitis--which can lead to aneurysm
individuals must be monitored for proper heart function and potential damage for the next year
mainly affects children under the age of 5
aka mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome

high temperature 102-104 that lasts for 5 days or longer
a rash
dry, bright red cracked lips
red eyes
swollen glands in neck
swollen, bumoy, red tongue (strawberry tongue)
give lots of antibodies to different things bc unknown cause of disase

death of soft tissue due to loss of blood supply

caused by bacteria producing lots of gas to cause tissue swelling etc.
can also be caused by frostbite--blood flow is blocked and surrounding tissue dies and turns black
clostridium perfringes and other clostridia species--obligate anaerobe
when multiply in anaerobic conditions produce large amounts of CO2 and H2 causes tissue swelling--pushed against blood vessels--blood flow is blocked and surrounding tissue dies and turns black

debridement -> cut the dead tissue away
hyperbaric chamber -> forces oxygen into wound which inhibits growth of obligate anaerobic bacteria causing gas gangrene

Bacillus anthracis--etiologic agent
aerobic spore former (rod)
typically and historically a zoonotic disease -> a disease transferred from an animal to human
goats, cattle, sheep--can transfer Bacillus anthracis
inhale spores--pneumonia--easily a lethal infection (50-60% mortality rate without antibiotics)
cutaneous form--much more treatable
the poor persons nuke because of its bioterrism potential

Yersinia pestis--etiologic agent
Vector--flea-transfer to bacteria to human
rats can be natural reservoir for the bacteria--flea bites rat and gets infect and bites human
usually about 2 or 3 naturally cases each year in the US
if bacteria infects lymph nodes they swell and become enlarged--called bubonic plague bc bulbous
lymph nodes die and turn black--called black plague

Borrelia burgdorferi--etiologic agent
early symptoms--70% a rash (bullseye) at bite site, fever, headache, stiff neck, dizziness
first discovered in Lyme, Conneticut in late 1970s and early 1980s
if not treated properly--cardiac and neurological symptoms
after several months--arthritis, chronic neurological problems
vector--deer tick
darker the skin is the harder it is to see the rash

Southern Tick Associated Rash Illness
vector--lone star tick
alpha-gal syndrome is a type of food allergy to red meat and other products made from mammals--happens when Lone Star tick bites someone
transmits sugar molecule called alpha-gal into persons body to trigger immune syst reaction that produces mild to severe allergic reactions
no treatment other than avoiding red meat

typically follow scratch/ bite from a cat
bacteria in a genus Bartonella
primarily in children
22K cases per year
40% cats have it in blood

bump or blister at the bite or scratch site
swollen lymph nodes near the bite or scratch site
fatigue
headaches
low-grade fever

occurs quite often in Middle TN
Rickettsia rickettsii--etiologic agent
vector--tick--several types--Lone Star, Wood, and American Dog tick
flu like symptoms with spotted rash
can become systemic--affect heart, nervous systm, etc
curable tick-born disease that can be hard to be seen in dark skinned patients