Micro Test 4

do not multiply wen floating in the air
the number of bacteria in floating in air is higher indoors than outdoors
fresh air, open windows
sneeze -> expell bacteria at 200mph

URT
this includes the nose and throat

LRT
larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, alveoli

means inflammation of mucus membranes of throat
about 50% of cases are bacterial and 50% of cases are viral
bacterial--often caused by Streptococcus pyogenes which can cause a sore throat--some people may be carriers of the bacteria

to form or discharge pus
white-ish pus nodules

produce erythrogenic (reddening toxin)--a pinkish skin rash, red tongue (strawberry tongue)--causes a disease known as Scarlet Fever--may follow or accompnay strep throat--reason to know if a sore throat is caused by S. pyogenes

bacterial illness that develops in some people who have strep throat
almost always accompanied by a sore throat and high fever
most common in children 5-15 years old
once considered serious illness, antibiotics have made it less threatening
left untreated can result in more-serious conditions that affect the heart, kidneys and other parts of the body

disease of URT
etiologic agent--Corynebacterium diphtheria
vaccination is part of DTaP was once termed DTP
D in DTaP vaccine is inactivated--diphtheria toxin (a toxoid--which is an inactivated toxin)
begin as sore throat and the bacteria can produce a toxin that affects heart , other organs, nervous system

disease of LRT
etiologic agent--Bordetella pertussis
bacteria attach to cilia in trachea and cannot remove mucus--the mucus accumulates and individuals cough, grasp for breath, often make wooping sound--how got its name
increase incidence in the US due to children not getting vaccinated

D- diphtheria--Corynebacterium diphtheria
T- tetnaus--Clostridium tetani
P- pertussis--Bordetella pertussis (acellular) (whooping cough)

is defined as fluid accumulation in the lungs accompanied by inflammation--a variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and even protozoa (rare) can cause pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumonia most common cause of
develops in people with limited or no contact with medical institutions or settings
most common pathogens Haemophilus influenzae

is an infection acquired in a health care setting such as a hospital
20% of people in hospitals get

etiologic agent--Legionella pneumophilia
pneumonia is caused in inhaling water vapor/air containing the bacteria
often associated with things like air conditioning system, large decorative water fountains, anything that can cause the formation of water vapor that contains the bacteria
disease is not contagious/spread from one person to another
usually a number of outbreaks every year, esp in warm summer months

pneumonia caused by something that cannot be grown on conventional lab media
includes virsuses and Mycoplasma pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumonia (cannot be grown on an agar plate)

a leading cause of pneumonia in young children in the US

an infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia in which the clinical findings point to a more severe illness than the symptoms may suggets
immunity to Mycoplasma pneumonia is not long lived, so a person can have walking pneumonia more than once
still functional, don't know you are really sick

a leading cause of pneumonia in young adults in the US

etiologic agent--Myobacterium tuberculosis
normal healthy individual--inhale the bacterium cells into lung cells (macrophages) will engulf and destroy the bacteria
not healthy, immunocompromised, poor nutrition, etc.--bacteria may start multiplying in macrphages and infect adjacent cells and form a lesion on lungs--lesions become encased in a capsule type structure called tubercle--may become calcified
some cases--cells break out and multiply outside of host cell--is extracellular replication--when happnes--bacteria multiplying in lugs and not inside a cell--this is when symptoms occur--now termed military tuberculosis
disease is problem in the military throughout history

chronic fever
night sweats
loss of weight
chronic fatigue
persistant cough
cough up brown (blood)
loss of vigor

live culture of Myobacterium bovis (is attenuated) injected into individuals
is used worldwide except for the US
70% of worlds school children receive it
not used here because--not always effective in preventing tuberculosis
can cause a positive tuberculin skin test **
so cannot use that to test for tuberculosis--can be fatal if immunocompromised
vaccine can cause a scar--usually on upper arm/shoulder

parts of the bacterium are injected underneath the surface of the skin
if red, hardened area develops in about 48 hr--that is a positive reaction--means your body has mounted an immune response to the bacteria, does not mean you are actively infected--means at some point in your life you were exposed to the bacteria and made an immune response to the bacterium
postive does not mean you have an active case of tuberculosis
work in healthcare--tested evry year and convert from a negative reaction to a positive reaction--means seroconverted--means since your last test went from negative to positive--you will be subject to examination, etc.--even if examination for tuberculosis is negative you will be given antibiotics (extreme antibiotics) just in case you might be actively infected

some time in the past year had immune response

esp in elderly-nursing homes
on antibiotics rest of life

broadly refers to any condition that impairs the normal functioning of the body

is used to define a condition or state, that results in pus formation or is filled with pus or that produces/ releases pus

most diseases result of ingestion of contaminated food or water
transmitted fecal-oral route 1 gram of fecal material contains 100 billion bacteria
fecal material is 40-50% bacteria by weight
1 mL of saliva has millions of bacteria

condition of having 3 or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day--different from dysentery
most common cause of death in developing countries
a leading cause of death in infants worldwide--get dehydration from diarrhea and electrolyte disturbances
mouth-carries--streptococcus mutans

diarrhea + blood + mucus

microbe viable and multiply digestive tract

ingest preformed toxin-food poisoning

inflammation of the mucus membrane that lines the stomach and the intestine

caused by contamination of food from Staphylococcus on our skin
food contaminated by staph and left unrefrigerated--prevention proper refridgeration
bacteria multiply and produce a toxin--when consumed characterized by rapid onset (1-6 hours)--nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
recovery rapid usually in 24 hours
bad news the toxin is heat stable and requires at temperature of at least 100 C (212 F--boiling temperature) for at least 30 minutes to inactivate toxin
so cooking may not inactivate toxin and prevent disease

several bacterial species and are part of normal intestinal flora of cattle, poultry, etc. cause disease in humans
1-12 days before onset -> time required for bacteria to multiple in intestine--produce toxins--produce symptoms
can be difficult to pinpoint the source of salmonella food poisoning outbreaks

etiologic agent--Salmonella typhi
found only in human feces--infection often a result of poor sewage treatment
21 million cases/yr--kills 10's thousands, can invade spleen, liver
severe diarrhea--20% fatality rate if not treated with antibiotics
occurs mainly in underdeveloped countries--on occasions does show up in US
a live attenuate vaccine available if travel to endemic areas

etiologic agent--Vibro cholera
found in underdeveloped countries
very severe diarrhea and vomiting--lose many liters of fluid/day
loss of fluid and electrolytes cause shock and often death
blood becomes so thick organs cannot function properly

associated most often with raw oysters found off coastal US
severe gastroenteritis
can be fatal

part of flora of intestine in some people (cdiff)
most often (not always) occurs when give antibiotics and disrupt normal flora get superinfection of Cdiff
major cause of diarrhea in hospitals although can be community acquired infection
produces toxin severe diarrhea and colitis (inflammation of the intestine)
ulceration and sometimes perforation of intestinal wall
estimated--15K/yr in US die of infection with Cdiff

an infection contracted outside of a health care setting or an infection present on admission
are often distinguished from nosocomial or hospital-acquired diseases by the types of organisms that affect patients who are recovering from a disease or injury

a variety of strains cause diarrhea--often called travelers diarrhea--gets exposed in travel
most serious of pathogenic E. coli strains is Echerichia coli 0157--often in cattle and no harm to them but in humans--severe diarrhea, produce toxin affects kidneys, cause bleeding in intestine
most often associated with contaminated food products
are occasional outbreaks of this in the US
often due to things like rare hamburger, pasturized orange juice and apple juice
most all produce and meat, dairy products tested for this bacteria before it goes to market
165F minimum to kill E. coli, 180F recommended

common form of food poisoning with undercooked meat

if normal person ingests--usually mild flu-like symptoms or symptomless
immunocompromised (old, young, immunosuppressed, etc.)--can cause meningitis
Foodborne outbreaks--a variety of foods--produce, meats, dairy products
special because can grow relatively well at refrigerator temperatures, so number bacteria increase during shelf life
most food products are tests for the presence of this bacterium before they go to market--still sometimes missed
Food safety and microbiology go together

etiologic agent--gonorrhea
one of most reported STD--300,000/yr. likely higher
may be infected without symptoms--maybe millions asymptomatic carriers
can attach to mucosal cells of genital system, eyes, oral cavity
generally become infected about 50% of time after a single exposure
infection genital urinary system--a lot of pus-pain on urination
without treatment has potential to invade joints, other ares of body
often more harmful female
invade reproductive system--scarring affect fertility

pelvic infammatory disease
is any extensive bacteria infection of pelvic region in females

non specific urethritis or NGU
any inflammation of urethra not caused by Neisseria gonorrhea

etiologic agent--treponema pallidium (used to be tested for this to get married)
initially at infection site a sore called chancre--after heals, can invade other parts of body

chancre--may or may not notice and heals spontaneously in 3 to 6 week

3 to 6 weeks after chancre heals--may have invaded other areas of body--a variety of symptoms

30% of people---can last 20 years or longer--a variety of different organs have been damaged

bacteria can cross placenta cause severe damage--neurological

etiologic agent--Chlamydia trachomatis -> now considered the most common STD
inflammation somtimes like N. gonorrhea
75% no clinical symptoms--asymptomatic
one most common reported STD
can cause PID in females
may invade lymphatic tissue--lymphogranuloma venereum--flu like symptoms

believed the most common STD in the US
is a protozoan not a bacteria
not high in virulence, won't kill you
estimates vary in number of infected individuals--no one knows for sure how many millions are infected--not a reported STD so exact number not known
is not invasive, symptoms vary from none (especially males) to quite noticeable irritation
PAP smear -> cannot properly interpret if you have Trichomonas vaginalis

reproduce only within cells
no metabolism outside cell
consist of nucleic acid and protein coat
difficult to selectively treat because
few if any of own enzymes
often referred to as viral agents
cannot grow viruses on an agar plate
can cultivate, however, in an animal, tissue culture, or live egg
cannot see viruses w microscope

causes warts on hands and feet
highly contagious
older--get more immune
outbreaks in daycare centers

etiologic agent--variola virus
transmitted respiratory route--viremia (prescence of bacteria in the blood)--to skin--fluid filled vesicles
in Middle ages estimated 80% of people got it 20-30% died and survivors left with severe scarring
bumps on palms of hands and soles of feet

Edward Jenner--English surgeon
1796 found out cowpox makes you immune to small pox--virus that grows on udders of cows that can infect people
1977 -> WHO began program to vaccinate everyone to small pox -> only human disease that has been erradicated
collapse of Soviet Union 1980s--biological labs had been ransacked not 100% sure could account for all vials of smallpoc
9/11/2001 -> debate on small pox vaccine, military got vaccine & some medical prof
Today -> if whole country was vaccinated -> 3 mil would die

a condition in which a pathogen resides in a host for long periods of time without apparent symptoms or disease

shed live virus
older relatives--newborns
latent infection of chickenpox

Rubeola virus--cause Old Fashion Measles--respiratory route--viremia--rash
can on rare occasions invade CNS Encephalitis and blindness, hearing loss, etc.
still kill about a million people/yr worldwide
Rubella virus--cause German measles, 4 day measles, more mild and often undetected
if mother get in 1st trimester--30% chance of congenital rubella syndrome virus can cross placenta
women do not get vaccine if pregnant because is a live attenuated viruse
MMR--measles, mumps, rubella
Rash of rubella not raised and rash of rubeola is raised (can feel the rash)

caused by human parvovirus (B19)
20% individuals no symptoms but others have flu-like symptoms and a distinctive "slapped-cheek" facial rash that slowly fades
usually not life threatening

caused by several enteroviruses--spread by contact with mucus and saliva of affected individual
common day care, preschool, kindgergarten
fever, sore throat, then rash (either flat or raised) hands, feet, mouth, tongue, interior of cheeks
is no treatment--on occasion hospitalization required

is a pathological repsonse to internal or external factors

a specific group of signs or symptoms that accompany a disease or condition

an abnormal state of health that interferes with the usual activities or feelings of well-being

transmission of an infection from mother to fetus

a disruption of the normal or regulat functions of the body

cold sores
90% people infected--15% develop cold sores
a latent virus
Herpetic keratitis worst thing, CNS rarely -> can infect the eyes

genital herpes--STD
rarely encephalitis

don't give to children
can cause Reyes syndrome--edema in brain

Poliomyelitis--old fashioned term -> infantile paralysis
still in a few parts of the world--actually Afghanistan and Pakistan
ingest virus--usually contaminated water from fecal material--multiply small intestine--viremia (get into the blood)--CNS paralysis
maybe 1% of infected people suffer any paralysis and most asymptomatic
a vaccine
people had to live in iron lungs their whole life--diaphragm wouldn't contract on its own

fatal encephalitis
usually follow animal bite
unique--incubation period is long enough to allow development of immunity from post-exposure vaccination
muliply on muscles initally--weeks to months--then CNS--then to brain--encephalitis
Hydrophobia--old fashioned name for rabies
bites on face and hands of greater concern because more nerve endings here and potential to get into CNS more rapidly
Skunks, racoons, bats (reservoir) and other animals--deer
rabies vaccine--series 14 shots, very extensive

viruses carried by mosquitoes that can cause encephalitis
Saint Louis Encephalitis, West Nile Virus, Zika, etc.

Africa--Burkett's lymphoma
China--nasopharyngeal cancer
US--infectious mononucleosis
15% of college students may get it
estimated 90% of people have been colonized by
virus multiplies in glands that produce saliva--so is in saliva and transferred by kissing, sharing drinks, etc.
usually self-limiting--some cause mono--why mono in US--data suggets may play a role in chronic fatigue syndrome

a combined inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
most often cause by vriruses
also called laryngotacheobronchitis
characterized by a barking cough and stridor (a harsh vibrating noise when breathing)

Respiratory Syncytial (means multinucleated cell) Virus
causes the cells in lungs to fuse together
probably most common cause of viral respiratory disease in infants
very serious in premature in newborns
can be fatal

adults
several different types (A&B)--no vaccine gives long lasting immunity--always mutating and changing protein coat
death rate is low but many die because infection rate is so high
in typical yr. in US--20 to 50K
more die of flu than AIDS in the US

Rhinoviruses
Coronaviruses

over 100--become immune

7 serotypes
can be reinfections
do not become immune to it

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

what dealing with now--was some indication derived from bats
some other indications modified as well
cause the disease known as Covid 19

Hepatitis A, B, C
Rotavirus--major cause of diarrhea
Norwark virus and mumps

inflammation of liver

RNA virus (with protein code)
infectious hepatitis
transmitted oral route--multiply in intestine--viremia(in blood)--to liver-virus shed in feces
can be in the body without knowing
amount shed in great before symptoms and may survive several days outside body
infected food handlers a major problem
50% infectious subclinical--an infection that does not cause a noticeable illness
treatment--give gamma globulin shot also known as immune globulin

often transmitted by blood transfusion and IV drug use, unprotected sex
health care workers a higher incidence of this
evidence maybe transmitted by saliva, breat milk and other humans secretions

reflection of RBC breakdown and release bilirubin--liver strain out and convert to bile
if liver not functioning properly bilirubin accumulates in blood and take on yellow appearance
incubation period of 4-26 weeks
darker skin--look at whites of eyes to see if they're yellow

nonA nonB viral hepatitis
can be chronic and not know infected
primarily 1992 through sharing needles, syringes, or other equipment to inject drugs
most common today-needle stick hospitals
multiple sexual partners--can be a STD
no vaccine
unregulated tattoos

Delta Agent
Hepatitis E
vaccine does not protect against all forms of viral hepatitis

genital warts
10% of strains cause cervical cancer -> young 30 yrs old
so vaccine HPV or Gardasil but controversy about effectiveness
not 100% effective -> many dfferent strains of HPV -> enhanced protection to many strains but not all

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
first received attention early 1980s in US
individuals among male homsexual community, also seen in hemophiliacs, IV drug users--anybody in contacts with lots of blood products
began to die of infections (Pneumocystis-a fungus, ratr cancer Kaposi's sarcoma, etc.)
cause determined to be a previously known virus subsequently named Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

human immunodeficiency virus
destroys a type of T cell (CD 4) which is a type of white blood cell important to the immune system defense
thus sickness and death due to microorganisms and cancers that otherwise would have been controlled in a healthy immune system
at first death ccured in months following infection now treatments have greatly expanded lifespan
transmission primarily through sexual intercourse and exposure to infected blood or blood products
newborn can be infected beofre birth
virus does no survive well outside the host and is sensitive to disinfectants
is not transmitted by saliva
semen and vaginal secretions can harbor infective virus and are important factors in sexual transmission

discovered in 1980s
proteinaceous infectious particles
are nearly impossible to inactivate and destroy--especially prevalent in brain of some animals
cause spongiform or brain--degenration of brain
in cow--known as mad cow disease
in humans--known as Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease/syndrome

a contagious neurological disease affecting deer, elk, and moose
causs a characteristic spongy degenration of the brains of infected animals
resulting in emaciation, abnormal behavior, loss of bodily functions and death

Toxoplasma gondii
Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporodium parvum

ingestion of rare meat--most common, beef, pork, lamb, chicken
in meat is easily killed by proper cooking, freezing or irradiation
cysts are killed by freezing meat in domestic freezer for 24 hours general renders T. gondii nonviable
ingestion of oocysts in cat feces--could breathe in
in utero--cross placenta

congenital infections
10% spontaneous abortion
hydrocephalus
microencephaly

in puppies around her
won't kill you
will make you very sick
protozoan parasite in virtually all water

in cows a lot
chlorine doesn't kill
in all surface water in TN
can cause life threatening diahrrea
cancer patients, immunocompromised, newborn -> never give tap water