Patho Review Test 4

spreads by multiple mutations

spread is dependent on how fast it mutates

microscopic aspect of cancer

loss of cellular differentiation

variability in size, shape, and replication

ability to spread far beyond the tissue

one cell turns into a nother cell type

Stage 1: no metastasis
Stage 2: local invasion
Stage 3: regional structures
Stage 4: distant metastasis

T: tumor
N: nodule
M: metastasize

tissue appears disorderly but is not cancer
abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells

it has not moved from original place

1st step = invasion (local spread)
2nd step = spread to distant places causes cancer to metastasize
3rd step = metastasis leads to epithelial-mesenchymal transition

biochemical markers are produced by cancer cells:
hormones
enzymes
genes
antigens
antibodies

to find individuals at high risk for cancer
diagnosis specific types of tumors and observe clinical course of cancer
PROBLEM: false positives and false negatives

named by tissue arises from
encapsulated
grows slowly
not invasive
low mitotic index
well differentiation
do not metastasize

named by cell arises from
not encapsulated
rapidly grows
invasive
high mitotic index
poorly differentiated
metastasized

fat cells
benign

smooth muscle of uterus
benign

meninges
benign

epithelial tissue
malignant

ductal and glandular tissue
malignant

mesenchymal tissue
malignant

lymphatic tissue
malignant

blood-forming cells
malignant

fatigue

tobacco use

primary brain (intracerebral) tumor
malignant

tumor of striated muscle
malignant

degenerative disorder of basal ganglia function
progressive destruction of nigrostriatal pathway
reduction striatal concentration of dopamine

tremor
rhythmic, alternating flexion and contraction of movements, pill rolling

resistance to movement throughout full ROM
most evident during passive joint movement
- jerky, cog wheel

uncontrolled sweating (ANS involvement) salvation
shuffling gait; short steps; stooped posture
dementia occurs 20%

weakness on one side of the body

paralysis on one side of the body

paralysis of both upper OR lower extremities

paralysis of lower extremities

paralysis of all four extremities

headaches

unsteady, broad-based gait
history of falls
apathy, inattentiveness, indifference to self family and environment
infancy (large head)

excessive fluid in the cranial vault, subarachnoid space, or both

2-4 years
Memory loss
subtle personality changes
disorientation of time and place

confusion stage; lasts several years
impaired cognition, restlessness, agitation
wandering; sundowners
repetitive behavior

terminal stage; lasts 1-2 years
emaciation
inability to communicate
bowel and bladder incontinence
seizures

partial seizure preceding onset of generalization seizure
gustatory (taste), visual or auditory
dizziness, numbness, "funny feeling"

early clinical signs and symptoms
malaise (mix of tired and fatigue), headache
sense of depression hours or days before onset or seizure

time period immediately following the cessation of seizures
feel very drained or tired

state of muscle contraction with excessive tone (prolonged)
stays contracting

state of alternating contraction with relaxation of muscles (usually rapid)

condition in which a patient is aware and awake but cannot move or communicate verbally

15 on glasgow scale
state of awareness and oneself in the environment

not fully aware

loss of ability to think rapidly and clearly
impaired judgement and decision making

beginning loss of consciousness
disorientation to time followed by disorientation to place and impaired memory
lost last is recognition of self

limited spontaneous movement or speech
easy arousal with normal speech or touch
may or may not be oriented to time, place, or person

mild to moderate reduction in arousal (awakeness) with limited response to the environment
falls asleep unless stimulated verbally or tactilely
answers questions with minimum response

a condition of deep sleep or unresponsiveness from which the person may be aroused or caused to open eyes only by vigorous and repeated stimulation
response is often withdrawal or grabbing at stimulus

no verbal response to the external environment or to any stimuli, noxious stimuli such as deep pain or suctioning do not yield motor movement

light = purposeful movement on stimulation
coma = nonpurposeful movement only on stimulation
deep = unresponsiveness or no response to any stimulus

herniation address how brain matter shifts based on initial cause
several types

autoregulation?????

body's attempt to go back to homeostasis
compensates by altering intracranial blood vessels' diameter to maintain blood flow during changes in cerebral perfusion pressure

get EEG done and if there's any wriggles for 6-12 hours = brain death

3/15 = brain death
15/15 = normal/fully conscious

broken chromosomes, one chromosome is there and one is missing

two of something
less serious than deletions

piece of genetic material gets flipped around

should be on one side but flipped around otherside

chromatin fails to condense during mitosis
males>females
2nd most common cause of MR

MR
long face, large mandible, and large everted ears
hyperextensible joints, high-arched palate
mitral valve prolapse
macroorchidism

47, XXY (extra chromosome)
Karyotype
small testes = underdeveloped
excessive breast tissue
limbs are very long

monosomy 45, X (one X is missing)
underdeveloped sex
thick neck = webbed neck
wide set nipples
thickened legs

trisomy 21 (95%)
risk increases with maternal age
AT RISK FOR Alzheimer's Disease

normal number of chromosomes = 46

more than diploid number = over 46

zygote had 3 copies of chromosome instead of 2
incompatible with postnatal survival

euploid cells have 92 chromosomes
incompatible with postnatal survival

does not contain 23 chromosomes

three copies of one chromosome

one copy of a chromosome

best measure of level of consciousness
pressure in the brain builds

arms drawn to core
very rigid

everything is straight and stretched out

decreased muscle tone
passive muscle movement there is little or no resistance

disorder of learned skilled movements with difficulty planning and executing coordinated motor movements
interchangeable with dyspraxia

involuntary movement of the face, lips, tongue, trunk, and extremities

muscle ripping or quivering under the skin
happens with paralysis

sustained involuntary muscle contraction with twisting movement

defect of pattern recognition
failure to recognize the form and nature of objects