1This refer to contagious diseases that newly appeared whose incidences have been rapidly increasing and are likely to further rise in the future
Emerging Infectious Diseases
2Enumerate the 3 ways that EID was discovered
1. recent discovery of pathogens 2. previously considered non-infectious diseases that are now identified as contagious 3. new infectious diseases by evolution of pathogens
3What are the factors affecting the emergence of infections
1. human behaviour 2. economic development 3. demographics 4. global travel 5. food distribution 6. medical technology 7.ecological change 8. microbial evolution
4What are the emerging foodborne and waterborne diseases
1. Salmonella 2. shigella 3. campylobacter 4. cyclospora 5. cryptosporidium 6. avian influenza (H5N1) 7. E. coli
5What is the most serious type of salmonella which causes life-threatening illness typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi
6This is a life-threatening disease caused by the bacterium S. Typhi
Typhoid fever
7What is the mode of contamination of Typhoid fever
Spread thru contaminated food or water
8Typhoid fever can be acquired by what?
1. By contact with infected animals or people 2. By ingestion of food and water contaminated with fecal matter
9T or F: Does Typhoid fever can be prevented with vaccines and can be successfully treated with antibiotics.
True
10What is the most common source of transmission of salmonella enteritidis
Eggs
11This more common infection of Salmonella which can be transmitted thru raw or undercooked eggs, beef, poultry or milk
S. Enteritidis
12What are the preventions to reduce salmonella infections
1. Clean hands and surfaces 2. Separate the raw meats and ready to eat foods 3. Cook foods to the right temperature 4. Chill the foods to prevent multiplication of the bacteria
13This is a type of bacteria that normally lives in your intestines as nonpathogenic residents
E. Coli
14What is this type of E. coli that is an emerging foodborne infection that produces powerful toxins, w/c results in serious illness
E. Coli O157:H7
15What is the mode of transmission of the E. coli O157:H7
1. By eating undercooked ground beef that has been contaminated during slaughtering and packaging 2. Drinking sewage-contaminated water
16What are the sources of infection of E. Coli
1. unpasteurized juice or cider 2. contaminated alfalfa sprouts
17What are the ways to prevent e. coli infections
1. thorough cooking of ground beef 2. avoiding unpasteurized milk 3. using thorough hand-washing procedures
18Shigella is spread by what route?
fecal-oral route
19Shigella are susceptible particulary to______ because of poor hygiene practices
Young children
20What is the most common tyoe shigella and accounts for more than 2/3 of Shigellosis cases
Shigella Sonnei
21T or F: Asymptomatic carriers are possible to pass the shigella bacteria to other
True
22What are essential preventions of Shigella infections
1. good hand-washing 2. proper food handling practices 3. Avoid swallowing water from pools, etc.
23What is the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis in the world.
Campylobacter jejuni
24What is the mode of transmission of campylobacter
Via infected food like poultry or animas
25Infection of campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common cause of thi syndrome?
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
26Preventions of Campylobacter infections
1. Hand hygiene 2. food separation 3. cook at right temperature 4. avoid pasteurized milk and untreated water 5. take care with pets since campylobacter may come from pet.
27This is a parasitic infection causing cyclosporiasis
Cyclospora cayetanensis
28What is the mode of transmission does cyclopora infect?
Indirect transmission from ingestion of fresh produce or water contaminated with oocysts.
29This is one of the most common causes of waterborne diarrhea in the world
Cryptosporidiosis
30This is parasite which lives in the intestines of immunocompromised humans and animals w/o causin disease
Cryptosporidium Parvum
31What is the mode of transmission of cyptosporidium
fecal-oral route
32Why the cryptosporidium parvum can live outside the body for prolonged period?
because its outer shell is resistant to CHLORINE DISINFECTION
33The avian influenza virus (H5N1) generally affects only what?
Poultry
34How does H5N1 can be transmittedto humans?
Thru infected poultry or contaminated surfaces
35Preventions of Avian influenza viru
1.Hand hygiene before and after 2. clean properly the surfaces 3. avoid visiting poultry farms 4. cook eggs and other poultry food thoroughly 5. do not eat raw poultry foods
36What is the treatment of cyclospora cayetanensis
Trimethoptim and Sulfamethoxazole
37What is the treatment of the pts with severe illness of campylobacter jejuni
Erythromycin or Fluoroquinolone
38What are the drugs that approved to treat Avian influenza virus
Amantadine, Rimantadine, Oseltamivir and Zanamivir
39An infection directly acquired from an animal
Zoonotic infection
40An infection indirectly from insect vectors
Vectorborne infection
41This is a process which occurs when the microbe gains access to a new host or new condition that foster its growth
Species jumping
42What is the agent of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
Bunyaviridae virus
43How does the microbe of HPS transmitted to humans
thru inhalation of aerosolized urine, droppings and saliva from infected rodents
44What are the prevention of HPS
1. reducing contact with rodents and their excretions by eliminating them from homes 2. preventing them from living around homes 3. taking precautions when cleaning areas that may be rodent infested
45What type of vectorborne infection is this that is caused by one strain of flavivirus that is transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes and sand flies
West Nile virus
46Cases of west nile virus can be transmitted through what mode?
in persons receiving organ transplants or BT from infected donors
47What is the agent that cause lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
48How does lyme disease can be transmitted to humans?
Deer ticks that feed on infected deer, mice, or chipmunks transmit the disease to humans by inserting their mouths into host skin
49What is the common characteristic of Lyme disease after a tick bite
Bull's eye rash
50What are the drugs are effective treatment when given for 3-4 wks in lyme disease
Doxycyline and Amoxicillin
51What is the most common early signs of lyme disease and define as expanding skin rash
Erythema migrans
52This is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus
SARS
53What is the most symptom of SARS
common cold
54How does SARS virus transmitted to humans?
transmission of the virus to human has been linked to the slaughtering and consumption of PALM CIVET CATS
55What is the mode of transmission of SARS
occurs primarily via RESPIRATORY DROPLETS from close contact with infected person exhibiting symptoms
56What are the other potential routes of transmission of SARS
1. fecal droplets 2. blood 3. body fluids
57What are the prevention of SARS
1. contact precautions 2. airborne infection isolation 3. standard precautions
58What is the agent of SARS
coronavirus
59Dengue caused by one strain of flavivirus that is transmitted via the female mosquito called what
Aedes aegypti
60Aedes aegyti transmits what condition
yellow fever
61This vectorborne infection has become an important mosquito-borne disease because of its increasing global distribution
Dengue
62What are the preventions of West nile virus
1. use insect repellants 2. wear loose-fitting, long sleeved shirts and pants 3. take steps to control mosquitoes indoors and outdoors
63What are the treatments of dengue
acetaminophen for pain and fluid replacement
64What is the potential source of infection for disease agent
Blood
65What period of infection is considered the greatest risk for tranmission of blood born pathogens
Incubation period
66HIV is initially referred to as what?
lymphadenopathy virus
67What is the causative agent of HIV
retrovirus
68What type of HIV is predominant of HIV infections
HIV-1
69What are the routes of viral transmission of HIV
1. direct transmission from person-to-person by sexual contact 2. direct inoculation with contaminated blood products 3. infection from mother to her fetus or newborn
70This dx test is a highly specific screening test for HIV
ELISA
71this is a confirmatory test after positive ELISA
western blot
72this dx test is most common or widely used in testing HIV
Rapid HIV antibody test
73What is the first agent to be approved for treatment of HIV and is an fusion inhibitor
Enfuvirtide
74Combination of protease inhibitor and Reverse transceiptase inhibitor will create a drug called what and this drug combination iz termed as "cocktails"
HAART (Highly active antiretroviral therapy)
75What are the mainstay of HIV treatment
Protease inhibitor and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
76What is the agent responsible for the outbreak of prion disease in cows or New variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy or mad cow disease
77Prion proteins produces neuronal death by altering the way cellular proteins are folded causing the ______effect in brain tissue from degenration of neurons
swiss cheese effect
78how does nvcjd transmitted?
via prion proteins
79Swiss cheese effect can cause what signs
rapidly progressive dementia and death
80This is one of the most important factors contributing to the re-emergence of bacterial diseases and one of the most serious health threats today
Drug resistance
81Those that have not previously occurred in humans, those that have previously occurred but affected very few people in isolated areas
New infections
82These are the reappearance of a known diseases after a significant reduction in incidence
Reemerging infections
83What are emerging vectorborne and zoonotic diseases
1. HPS 2. West nile virus 3. Lyme disease 4. SARS
84What are the emgerging Bloodborne diseases
1. HIV 2. New variant Creutzfeldt-jakob disease
85A term used to define antibiotics that kill bacteria
Bactericidal
86A term use to define antibiotics prevent the growth of the bacteria
Bacteriostatic
87What are the contributing factors to microbial mutation and subsequent resistance
1. Crowd 2.Nonadherence to prescribed antibiotic therapies 3.Overuse of antibiotics by humans and agriculture
88What are the emerging microbial resistance
1. MRSA 2.VRE 3.Mycobacterium TB 4.Penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae
89Gold standard for the diagnosis of HIV
RT-PCR
90What is the causative agent in MRSA that generally resides on the skin or within nasal passages without causing diseases in healthy person
S. Aureus
91What is the primary treatment for S. Aureus and MRSA
Vancomycin
92What infections is the leading cause of nosocomial bacteremia, UTI, etc
Enterococci
93This is a community-acquired pathogen commonly associated with ear infections and pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae