ANSC 107 Exam 1 (TAMU)

Humans

Pork

They are now raised on concrete

Trichanella

Since they are raised on concrete, there is no dirt to dig in, which is where they get their source of iron

Anemia

Iowa

Lyscine

California

When pH levels drop in ruminant stomachs

When animals swell up with gas

They have four stomach compartments

Allowing animals to eat all they want at all times

Cows, deer, sheep, goats

6.8 pH

pH levels

Their pH levels will drop (5 pH or lower is deadly)

Increased growth rate in response to previous undernourishment

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one grame of water from 14.5 degrees C to 15.5 degrees C

A feed that is high in energy, low in fiber content, and highly digestible

Concentrate

Corn

Total Digestable Nutrients - includes the total amounts of digestable protein, nitrogen-free extract, fiber, and fat all added together. Approximates energy content

70-80%

Feed that is low in energy, high in fiber content, and low in digestible nutrients (main energy source for ruminant animals)

Hay, straw, silage, and pasture

VFA - volital fatty acids

Animals which need further feeding prior to slaughtering

21 days after birth

The contents of the digestive tract

The value of a carcass for consumption

Marbling and age

A dark color in the lean of a carcass

Stress or excitement using up all of the glycogen, making the meat darker

Set of animals of same age, sex, and breed that have been raised under similar environmental and management conditions

Animals having a common origin and characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same species

Small horn-like tissue attached to the skin of polled or de-horned animals

To eliminate from the breeding population mostly because of problematic genes such as nervousness or craziness

Ear notching, Tattoo, Branding (hot or freeze), Microchip, Retinal scanning, Ear tagging

Must be done on registered animals or horses that are pigmented to kill cells, allowing the fur to grow back white

Cow that has never birthed before

Difficult delivery (when the baby is stuck)

An important record

An important record - who was the father? Was he a good animal?

An important record - who was the mother? Was she a good animal?

An important record - highly heritable, lower weights preferred to prevent dystocia

An important record - how good the mom is and her milking abilities - don't want a crazy dam

An important record - a measure of combined pre-weaning and post-weaning growth, all dependent on the cow and how "good" it is

An important record - fertility in males (semen)

Almost all dairy cows

The capacity to initiate, sustain, and support reproduction

When there are calf twins (in which they share blood flow) and the male calf's testosterone takes over, and the twin heffer calf looses fertility

Refers to non-pregnant females (they have a low period and owners will likely get rid of them)

Half the normal number of chromosomes - found in the sperm and ova

Turkies - this is because we have genetically selected them so severly that they can no longer breed naturally

Artificial Insemination - impregnating a female by non-natural ways

Artificial insemination can extend semen as you don't need as much because of direct deposit into the uterus

An individual grown from a single somatic cell of its parent and genetically identical to it (take a single cell and grow another cell)

Horses and dogs

Genetic diversity gets narrower

Also known as heat - the period of mating activity in the female

It causes sheep or animals to stand there and "take it" from the males

The heat cycle or time from one heat period to the next

21 days

17 days

Controlling the estrous cycle so that a high percentage of the females in the herd express estrus at the same time

To help with management and planning when the babies come

Term of pregnancy

340 days

283 days

113 days

147 days

147 days

The time when a female is not cycling. She is not experiencing estrusand thereby will not breed

The removal of overies from the female reproductive tract

Cats and dogs

The first milk given by the female following delivery of her young

Contains high levels of antibodies (immunoglobulins) which are absorbed by the young for quick immunity

Period that female produces milk

305 days

21 days

Refers to a non-lactating female (mare, cow, ewe, sow)

Separating an offspring animal from its dam (mother)

Cattle

Bull

Cow

Heifer (yet to give birth)

Calf

Steer

Herd

Bos

Calving

Can grade prime or choice despite a heifer

Castrated bull

To prevent unwanted pregnancies, for better marbling, bad behavior

Bull

Genetic implants

Horses

Stallion

Mare

Colt

Filly

Foal

Gelding

Herd

Equus

Foaling

Castrated male

When a male is missing a testes

They are unable to breed because their body heat is too hot for the semen to survive

Wait up until one year after birth because it takes a long time for their testes to drop

Thoroughbred

Swine/Pig

Boar

Sow

Gilt

Pig

Barrow (Castrated)

Drove

Sus

Farrowing

An underbelly with evenly spaced nipples (must look on both boars and sows as it is genetic)

Barrow

Litter

Castrated, ear notched, shot of iron, and clip the needle teeth and tail

Goats

Billy

Doe

Billy kid

Doe kid

Kid

Wether

Band

Capra

Kidding

Sheep

Ram

Ewe

Ram Lamb

Ewe Lamb

Lamb

Mutton

Wether

Flock

Ovis

Tupping

Lambing

Chicken

Rooster

Hen

Chick

Capon

Flock

Gallus

Mating

Display desirable traits from multiple breeds, fast growing, hardy, productive

Fast growing, muscular, late maturing, low milking, and can meet all natural environmental needs

Early maturing sexually, inherently fertile, moderate to heavy milking, small to moderate size

It is important for animals to be able to fit the environment and be highly adaptable

From Western Europe

British Breeds (Maternal)

From Scotland
Black, naturally polled, moderate in size
Excellent marbling
Good maternal breed
Largest number of annual registrations in the US
Certified Angus Beef

From England
Red with white face
Poorest marbling of British breeds
Cancer Eye
2nd largest annual registration

From England
Three major colors - red, white, and roan
Moderate in size, good disposition, excellent milk production

From France (Sire)
White, off-white to cream coloration with little skin pigmentation
Extremely fast growing, muscular breed that is fast maturing
Dystocia is very common when cross breeding these big cows

From Italy (Sire)
One of the world's oldest breeds
Extremely large framed, late maturing but fast growing
Tremendous impact on "show steer"
Problematic marbling
Known to be crazy

From France (Sire)
Originally reddish gold with horns, now black and polled
Moderate size, difficult to grade choice !!!
Below average maternally
Very popular

Price jump when selling compared to select (industry benchmark) - will the carcass grade choice?

From India

From India
Known for heat tolerance, disease and insect resistance, and crossability
Poor marbling and slow sexual maturity
Not very tempermental
Maternal instincts
Could survive in Texas heat, swampy environments

From United States
5/8 Anguas and 3/8 Brahman !!!
Excellent mothering ability, moderate size, early sexual maturity, heat resistance
The best of both worlds
One of the first composite breeds in the US (most widespread)

5/8 Shorthorn and 3/8 Brahman !!!
Dark red, both polled and horned
Made by Kleberg in Tx
Maternal ability, productivity under hot conditions
Overall hardiness

When you cross 2 different breeds and get an increase in performance over the average of the parents

From the United States
50% Brahman, 25% Shorthorn, and 25% Hereford
No set color pattern
Developed based on the "6 essentials" - weight, conformation, fertility, hardiness, dispostion, and milking abilities
One of the first true composite breeds

Texas, were of Spain origin
Long, distinctive horns
Basically useless, almost became extinct

From Japan
Super marbling
Normally closer to white with red specks of meat
Feeding the millions vs feeding the millionaires

From Switzerland
Large docile breed known for strength and vigour
Various shades of brown

Dominant breed of dairy cattle
Over 90% of all commercial dairy cattle
Black and white color
Unparalleled milking ability (20,121 lbs per 305 days)
Lowest percentage of butterfat

From Isle of Jersey
Light tan to dark fawn color
Produces the highest percentage of butterfat (average 4.7%)
Hot and humid tolerant

Maternal, sire, and specialty traits, ear configuration, and body color

From Denmark
White in color with huge drooping ears
Longer bodied because of extra vertebrae
Good mothers and large litters

From England
Known as the "mother breed"
White with erect ears
Large litters and evenly spaced teets

From the United States
Reddish brown with drooping ears
Excellent growth rate
Known for good marbling and tend to be fatter
Angus of the pig world

From the United States
One of the oldest breeds in the US
Black with a white belt
Lean, muscular carcass, primarily a sire breed

Black and white spotted with erect ears
Terminal sire breed
Extreme muscularity and leanness
Heavily used in the show industry
Can carry stress gene that causes Porcine Stress Syndrome

Genetic condition that is recessive and likely stems from muscularity which is triggered by stress and can cause stress and PSE in carcasses

Pale, soft, exudative (wet and exuding excess fluid) - carcass defect

Meat, wool, dual purpose, and specialty

From Spain
The Golden Fleece
Most dominant breed in the industry worldwide
Typically smaller, very hardy, fertile, and long lived
More wrinkles = more wool
Extremely fine

From France
Descendant of Merino, but larger and faster growing
Dual purpose sheep
Not many wrinkles
Used to be #1 sheep in US

From England
Sire breed known for rapid growth
Face, legs, and ears are dark brown
Wool cap

From England
Very old breed
Used as a sire breed in commercial production
No wool on legs or head
Active sheep that grow very fast
Spider gene from ram Walking Tall

Hereditary Chondrodysplacia - Occured through overbreeding to the max, recessive lethal

From England
One of the oldest sheep breeds
Small to medium sized with light brown face and legs
Produce meaty, light-weight carcasses
Low maintainence

From England
Horned or polled
Medium sized breed known for its ability to breed out of season !!!
Mature early both sexually and compositionally

Greateautiful buttocks

From South Africa
White body with black head
Very fertile and breeds out of season !!!
Exceptional adaptability and hardiness
No shearing, they shed
Cross breed between Dorset and Black Headed Persian
#1 breed in Texas

From Finland
They produce a lot of milk and are used in dairies
Require intensive management
Poor fleeces

Meat
Milk
Dual Purpose
Specialty

From South Africa
Hardy, fast growing meat-type goat
Good meat with superior spring ribbing
Prominant horns, drooping ears, white body with brown head and neck
Revolutionized the goat industry
Used to be worth up to $50,000 Cross breeding with a boer increases price

From Spain
Horned
Meat goat
Very prolific and hardy
Colors range from solid black, brown, and white, many different color combinations
98% of goats in US were located in San Antonio and hill country

From Africa
Most popular breed of registered dairy goats in the US
Large in size, and have long distinctive drooping ears
Noted for higher butterfat than other dairy breeds

Nubian (Will be a question)

From Switzerland
One of the most popular breeds of dairy goats in the US
Medium to large size, with erect ears and horns
White is preferred color
Noted for their high volume of milk production

Saanen (Will be a question)

From Africa
Most commonly found in petting zoos
Popular dairy breed for small farms

From Turkey
Produces mohair, a luxerious fiber that commands a higher price than wool
Over 90% of Angora goats in the US are found in Texas
Grows 1 inch of hair a month
Can die very easily from coldness due to thin skin

Hand

4 inches

From United States
Highly versatile
Strong trail horse
Easily identifiable by spotted coat

From Arabia
General purpose light horse
Unsurpassed reputation for endurance
Distinctively small head that is dished and triangular
High strung and flighty

From United States
May have a Quarter horse or Thoroughbred parent
Two basis color patters tobiano and overo

White over a dark color, white can cover the back of the horse

Dark over a white color, no white crosses the back

From England
Unmatched for speed at intermediate distances
Nearly 90% can be traced back to one horse, Eclipse
They run in all shaped and sizes
Long distance and endurance, used in the Kentucky Derby!!!
Must be bred naturally
Lots of issues with bone structure

Developed as a saddle horse
Great speed over short distances
Multiple coat colors and face markings
Working cow horse of ranches - used for herding

Red color with red mane

Darker red color with black markings on feet, ears, and mane

Speed index, money earned, and athleticism

From Belgium
Unique color pattern
Predominant color is light sorrel with flaxen mane and tail
Easy to handle and very strong

From Scotland
Etensive white face and lef markings with "feathering" on the lower legs
A bell bottom look on feet
Not the most fertile
Considered more nervous than other breeds

Mediterranean
Prolific egg laying breed
Most commercial egg-type pullets
Lay about 235 eggs per year
Poultry industry got together and decided to make them the main egg laying chicken

From England
Sure line in broiler production
Large, fast growing chickens
Over time, we've found ways to make them even bigger which caused them to have less flavor and tougher
Poultry industry decided that this was the chicken we would be eating

From United States
Emphasized muscularity, growth rates amd white feathers
No longer capable of natural reproduction - must use AI !!!
Not very smart

Stocker

High amounts of roughage

Must change their roughage diet to grain slowly to let the bacteria in their stomachs adjust to prevent acidosis - 2 week weaning period - 70% grain, 30% roughage

Gives cows food ad libitum so they never go hungry or eat too much because of stress

A large range production in which producers maintain cow herd year round, market calves, retain replacement females, over 90% use bulls instead of AI

There is zero Brahman in the cow

They graze grass converting low quality forage into high quality product, getting sold at six to ten months

Fertility
Weaning weight
Cow efficiancy
Adaptability
Needs to be able to produce a calf to make money

Dairy Herd Improvement Association

California and Wisconsin

Inflammation of the udder caused by bacterial infection

Antibiotics

They can no longer sell the milk for human consumption (have devices that can detect the antibiotics)

Energy shortage due to metabolic problems (not enough energy)

Low-blood calcium causing muscle weakness at/or near calving

Cows are too skinny and are essentially producing more milk than the body can handle - not enough food intake to keep up

When they grade choice

How good a cow tastes to humans