1What is a gilt?
Immature female
2What are needle teeth?
A set of 8 very sharp teeth in swine that are usually cut off around days 1 -3
3Why are needle teth cut off?
To prevent injury to the piglet, other litter mates, and the mother's teats
4What is the top swine producing country?
China
5What are the top five swine producing states in the US?
Iowa, Minnesota, North Carolina, Illinois, and Indiana (mostly midwestern)
6Why is the Texas panhandle a good location for large scale hog production?
Environmental soundness, water availability, feedstuffs, remote locations, trainable workforce
7What is the rotational system in swine production?
When you use three breeds rotated in order or two breeds in a crisscross manner.
8What are produced in rotational systems?
Market hogs and replacement gilts
9What is heterosis?
Another word for hybrid vigour
10What are some disadvantages of rotational systems in swine breeding?
Lower heterosis than the terminal system and reduction in growth potential and carcass merit since there is such a high emphasis on maternal traits
11What is terminal crossbreeding in swine production?
Same as rotational breeding, except all of the offspring are marketed and no replacement guilts are kept
12What is the rotaterminal system in swine production?
A form of crossbreeding that combines parts of rotational and terminal crossbreeding where only a few of the gilts are kept as replacement females and the rest are sold
13What did the rotaterminal system capitalize on?
The complementarity of the breeds and the resulting heterosis (hybrid vigour)
14What is the gestation length of a pig?
114 days
15What are farrowing crates used for?
To keep the sow and her piglets safe during farrowing and afterwards
16When are sows moved into farrowing crates?
One week before their projected farrowing date
17How big are most farrowing crates?
5 feet by 7 feet
18Why are there slotted floors in farrowing crates?
To improve drainage and ease of cleaning
19What is the estimated difference between preferred temperatures for sows and piglets?
20-25 degrees F difference
20What temperatures are sows most comfortable with?
60-65 degrees F
21What temperature do gilts require for the first three days?
85-95 degrees F
22What is the All-in All-out system?
A system where the barn is completely cleaned out between groups of hogs
23What are the pros of the All-in All-out system?
Allows for cleaning, disinfection, and better disease control
24What is the average feed conversion for market hogs in the US?
3.0 lbs of feed per 1 lb of live weight produced
25What are the main energy and dietary sources for pigs?
Corn, barley, milo, oats, and wheat
26What is a primary source of protein for pigs?
Soybean
27What are the 6 steps to processing when a piglet is born?
Clip needle teeth, cut navel cord, iron injection, dock tails, castrate males, ear notch
28Why are iron injections given to piglets?
To prevent anemia which cn result due to the low iron content of milk
29What is the navel cord cut to?
Approximately 1 to 1 1/2 inches (and dipped in iodine)
30How long are tails docked to?
1 inch and with side cutters
31Why is castration performed on male market hogs?
To prevent undesirable boar odor or taint associated with cooked pork from in tact males
32What information is provided on the ear notch pigs?
Litter number and individual number
33What ear is the litter number placed on?
Right ear
34What ear is the individual pig number placed on?
The left ear
35What should the underline of all pigs look like in terms of reproductive traits?
At least 12 evenly spaced, functional, fine textured teats (6 on each side)
36What milking habit do piglets have?
They always go back to the same teat
37What makes a quality underline teat?
Free of pin, inverted, and blunt teats
38Who are the world leaders in cattle numbers?
India, Brazil, China, USA, and EU
39Which state ranks first in beef cow numbers in the US?
Texas, followed by Oaklahoma, Missouri, and Nebraska
40What is Texas #1 in the nation for?
Total cattle, ranches, beef cows, feedlot cattle
41What is cow-calf production?
Involves when a cow is bred with a bull to make a calf crop
42What are the two types of producers in cow-calf production?
Commercial and purebred
43What are commercial producers?
When steers and heifers are rasied to be sold at weaning and destined to become slaughter animals (most cattle are destined for feedlots)
44What are purebred producers?
They specialize in seedstock production, meaning that the cows bred are destined to become part of breeding herds
45Which cow/calf operation produced the top number of cows in the US in 2022?
Desert Cattle & Citrus, Florida
46Which seedstock operation produced the top number of calves in the US in 2022?
Express Ranch, OK
47What are stocker operations?
Utilize forages and roughages to grow cattle from wening util weight-ready to enter the feedlot
48What are feedlot productions?
Involves feeding cows high concentrate rations in the confinement of a large facility until they have met their ideal weight.
49What are the two types of feedlot operations?
Commercial cattle feeding and farmer-feeder
50What is the top feedlot production with a one time capacity in the US in 2021?
Five Rivers Cattle Feeding, LLC
51What are the methods of identification in cattle?
Combination of ear tag and tattoo, hot branding, freeze branding, and electronic ear tags (mostly used in show steers)
52Why do steers get castrated?
Calms them down and steers ted to prouce a better carcass with finer marbling because they fatten faster
53Why would you implant a cow with steriod hormones when they are young?
It helps improve weight of gainrowth potential (implanted in the ear)
54Where is the injecion site of cattle?
The shoulder, either within muscles or under skin
55What is the acceptable scrotal circumfrence/average?
30 cms or bigger for yearling bulls
56What EPD factors should be adjusted based on outstanding factors?
Weaning age of cattle (adjust to 205 day standard), age of dam (milking abilities), and sex of calf (males grow faster)
57When is the max milk production in female cows?
Between 5-10 years of age
58What factors influence dystocia?
Birth weight of calf, sex of calf, and pelvic size of cow, and gestation length
59If a mother has high milking abilities, what will likely happen to the children?
They will have a greater weaning weight
60What impacts yield grade?
Marbling and maturity
61Where is the fat thickness measured?
Between the 12th and 13th rib
62What four factors determine yield grade?
External fat thickness over ribeye at the 12th rib, ribeye area, KPHF (kidney, pelvic, and heart fat), and carcass weight
63Which animals are monogastric?
Swine and horses
64What is the esophagus in a monogastric system?
Connects the mouth to the stomach
65What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
66What happens in the duodeum?
Receives secretions from the pancreas
67What is the substrate of trypsin?
Substrate is protein
68What is the substrate of lipase?
triglycerides
69What are the substrates of amase?
Carbohydrates and starch
70Where is majority of the digestion in a pig occur?
The first 1/3
71What is the flow of feed order in a monagastric pig?
Mouth, esophagus, small intestines, large intestines
72What is special about the esphagus in horses?
They only have one way of peristalic novements
73What do horses not have?
A gallbladder
74What is the largest part of the horses digestive tract?
Large intestine (over 60%)
75What is in the large intestine that is specific to horses?
Cecum
76What does the cecum do?
Breaks down roughages
77What furnishes 60% of a horses energy?
VFAs
78What is the crop in chickens?
An enlargement of the esophagus where fermentation occurs
79What is the gizzard known as?
The true stomach
80What does the gizzard do?
Grinds feed into finer particles by strong muscular contractions
81What is the first compartment of a ruminent stomach?
Reticulum
82What is special about the reticulum?
It has a honey comb pattern that helps with enzyme secretion
83What is the second part of the ruminent stomach?
Rumen
84What is the largest compartment in a mature bovine?
Rumen
85What occurs in the rumen?
Fermentatin where microbial actvity occurs
86What is the ideal environment for microbial activity to occur?
Anaerobic, warm (102), dark, and a pH of 5.5 - 6.5
87What is the third section of a ruminent stomach?
Omasum
88Where does most water absorption occur in ruminents?
The omasum
89Which part of the stomach has folds and pleasts in them?
Omasum
90What is the fourth part of the ruminent stomach?
Abomasum
91What is known as the true stomach in a ruminent?
The abomasum
92What is the groove called that bypasses the rumen in young ruminents?
Gastric or esophageal groove
93How long is the rumen bypassed?
Up to 12 weeks
94How long do cows spend ruminanting per day?
8 hours on average
95What is eructation?
Bleching of the gas in a ruminant because it produces a large amount of CO2 and methane
96What is regurgitation?
Controlled form of vomitting which enables the ruminant to pass semi-liquid rumen contents back to the mouth
97What is remastication?
The process of rechewing the cud
98What is deglutition?
Reswallowing
99protein (%) + protien (%) +?
protein
100energy + energy = ?
energy
101What are the three salivary glands?
Parotid, mandibular, sublingual
102Factors that affect dressing percentage?
amount of fill, degree of finish, weight of hide etc, muscling, and mud