ANSC 107 Exam 4 (TAMU)

Cecum

The large intestine

VFAs

Breaking down food to allow absorption

Mechanical, chemical, and microbial

Denatures proteins

Rumen

The alimentary canal

Salivary amylase

Mechanical and chemical digestion

One true stomach

Swine and humans

A single stomached species that has special components to aid in digestion

Horses and birds

An animal with more than one stomach compartment

Sheep, cattle, goats, and llamas

Gizzards

Hormones

The rumen wall

Salivary amylase

Breaks down the sugars

When a ruminant animal regurgitates the bolus and chews it

When a ruminant animal chews and balls up food so it can be regurgitated

When the coffin bone rotates in the hoof

The purse

It is a hindgut fermenter

Ferments food, producing bacterial protein for the animal (primarily horses) to consume

When the small intestine is twisted or blocked, cutting off blood flow and killing the animal

8-12 hours

96-120 hours

6-8 hours a day

Fiber is not being properly digested

The bone rotates when the blood becomes too acidic due to colic

Composition, water content, and digestability

Water, mucin, and bicarbonate salts

It moistens the feed and aids in taste mechanisms

Lubrication aid for swallowing

They act as a buffer to regulate stomach pH

Around 10-40 gallons a day

Pigs and horses

N, P, and K

The bones

Within proteins

Removes specific amino groups from a molecule

60 days

Milk

Moves ingested material via muscular contractions

Peristaltic waves

The peristaltic waves only go in one direction

They have two way movement that allows for the regurgitation of bolus to chew the cud

Moves food straight into the abomasum of calves

Reticulum, rumen, omasum, and abomasum

80%

It's honey-comb interior

The rumen

Mucus membranes that intersect creating a honey-comb like surface

The contraction and retraction of the reticulum depending on how much food is in it

The reticulum

The rumen

The omasum

The abomasum

A large, hollow, muscular compartment where microbial fermentation occurs

From the diaphragm to the pelvis and nearly fills the left side of the abdominal cavity (in dairy cattle)

Papillae

Proper consumption and breakdown

No enzyme secretion occurs

VFAs and nitrogen

Storage, soaking, physical mixing and breakdown, and fermentation

Provides an ideal environment for microbial activity

The rumen

Bacterial synthesis of water soluble vitamins and vitamin K as well as deamination reactions

Within the fermentation chamber in the rumen

Warm, moist, dark anaerobic conditions, proper pH, and substrate

6.8

VFAs, microbial CP, Vitamin K, B vitamins, etc

Combine N from dietary protein or non-protein N source with a carbon skeleton from carbohydrate sources to form their own protein

Acidosis occurs

Propionate, acetate, and butyrate

Energy (glucose) which is higher in grain fed diets causing white fat

Grazing aninmals (lots of high quality forage)

Yellow fat

No change

In pigs and horses

Because of the location of synthesis which occurs at the end of the system

Because they don't have a cecum

The belching of gas when microbial fermentation in the rumen produces large amounts of CO2 and methane

The animal will bloat which can result in death

They will swell up and it compresses the diaphragm until they can't breathe

By running a tube out of their stomach or punching a hole in the side of the rumen

A mechanism that takes Nitrogen across the rumen wall back to the salivary glands to preserve Nitrogen within the system

The rumen will capture nitrogen as soon as it hits the system and will send it back to the salivary glands

Carbohydrate fermentation

The bacteria within the rumen runs on nitrogen

Reduction of particle size and, most importantly, the absorption of water

A passage way from the esophageal opening to the abomasum in calves, bypassing the rumen to escape bacterial fermentation

Rennin

Rennin

Milk in suckling animals

Abomasum

The true stomach

The first glandular portion of the ruminant GIT

Abomasum

Denatures proteins

Duodenum

2-3

Ingested food

Muscular movements

Digestive juices

Gastrin, HCl, Pepsin, and Rennin

Tells the brain it's ready to eat

It will help block some of the acidid digestive juices

Monogastric stomachs

Very muscular, very vascular, with stress receptors to tell them when they are hungry or full

It is larger than other species and has two regions

Glandular and non-glandular

Ulcers (moreso than pigs)

Ulcer guards that buffer the acid in stomachs

An open sore on the lining of the stomach which can be very genetic and caused by stress

Gastrin

Stomach digestion, presence of partially digested proteins, and hypercalcemia

The presence of HCl and somatostatin (when the stomach begins producing HCl)

Activates pepsin by turning it into pepsinogens

Amino acids

Degrade food proteins into peptides (amino acids)

A natural complex of enzymes produced in any mammalian stomach to digest the mother's milk

Rennin

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

In the small intestine (specifically the jejunum and ileum)

The pancreas

The reception of secretions from the brunner's gland and pancreas

Secrete alkalines that neutralize the acidic food

Peptides

Lactose

Sucrose

Maltose

Proteins

Lipids

Gallbladder

Carbohydrates and starch

Active sites of nutrient absorption

Amino acids, sugar molecules, fatty acids, and glycerol

Villi (little fingers)

Increase absorptive area

The rumen

A plethora of amino acids

Copper

It houses bile salts and filters and detoxifies everything that's been digested

Emulsify fats and neutralizes chyme before they are stored in the gallbladder

Iron

Urine will be bloody

Jaundice

Cecum (horses only), colon, and rectum

Make amino acids

Microbial digestion of VFAs and MCPs, absorption of water, and the synthesis of B Vitamins

Any kind of fiber

The colon

It is only in horses and can expand to fill with microbes and act as a fermentation chamber

That an animal can go without water for a long time

Produce feces shaped like pellets that have been sucked dry of water

The large intestine

Bacterial fermentation by breaking down VFAs and synthesis of water vitamins and Vitamin K

CO2 and methane are produced

Too many readily digestable carbohydrates

Shetland ponies

Keeping hooves cold and walking on them

Ulcers

An energy shortage which occurs when there is a build up of ketones

Goats, sheep, and diary cattle

The last trimester of gestation because the body runs out of energy trying to provide for the babies as 75% of the growth happens then

After birth when they are trying to milk/lactate

Calcium deficiency

Improper Ca:P ratio

Polioencephalomalacia

When a cow consumes either a wire, nail, or bullet, poking a hole in the rumen causing enzymes and bacteria to flow around the body

The walls of the rumen will close around the hardware, leaving it there to stab the liver and cause liver failure

With a rumen magnet

When an animal rolls around on the ground and consumes sand

By feeding the animal wheat bran

There is not enough fiber in the diet

By reducing calcium intake before the cow gives birth, that way they are eagerly ready to go when lactating

To sustain life and for productive purposes

50-80%

750-1,000 dollars

No

Vital amines

Energy

Byproducts

The abrasiveness of a fiber which can stimulate the rumen wall and help prevent the loss of papillae

How much it takes to maintain your body

It is used towards production such as gaining weight, maintaining preganancy, etc

The less digestable it will be

No

Yes, but only by microbes and bacteria

Lignant

Younger plants

Water, dry matter (inorganic and organic)

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins

Minerals

To transport nutrients and metabolic waste, chemical reactions, and regulate body temperature

What made in the body as a result of chemical reactions

Drinking water, water in feed, and metabolic water

Pigs

Urine, feces, sweat through sweat glands, and vaporization from lungs or dissipation through the skin

Temperature, feed type, pasture, water quality, and stage of production (if they are lactating, etc)

Horses

A string of amino acids containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

It declines

10

Because they can not be synthesized fast enough in the body to meet the animals requirements

Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine (essential aa)

Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine (essential aa)

Histidine, Arginine, Lysine, Leucine (essential aa)

Complete balance of essential AAs (all ten)

High

Not always high

Plant and Animal proteins

Protein that cannot be broken down/digested by the microbes in the rumen

Bypasses the rumen into the small intestine and is digested and used there

"Fats" - hydrophobic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Glycerol backbone with one, two, or three fatty acids attached by an ester linkage

1

2

3

2-24 carbons

There are no double bonds between carbons

Double bonds between carbons are present

Fat = 9.45 kcal, Protein = 5.65 kcal, Carbohydrate = 4.20 kcal

The rumen

The end product of carbohydrate digestion/microbial fermentation

Acetic acid (2 carbons), Propionic acid (3 carbons), and Butyric acid (4 carbons)

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Photosynthesis in plants

Carbohydrates with only one sugar molecule

Glucose, galactose, fructose, and ribose

Carbohydrates with two sugar molecules

Sucrose, lactose, and cellobiose

A glucose molecule plus another monosacchride

Glucose + Fructose

Glucose + Galactose

Glucose + Glucose

Carbohydrates made up of many sugar molecules

An alpha linkage of glucose molecules

Plant starch

Animal starch

A beta linkage of glucose molecules

Cellulose and lignan

They all have differing levels of digestability

A, D, E, K

B and C

Combination of Vitamin E and Selenium to avoid white muscle

Play a big role in metabolism regulation and antibody synthesis (immune system)

In green, leafy forages

Night blindness and early pregnancy loss

Sunlight

Enhances intestinal absorption, mobilization, and retention of Ca and P within the body (counteracts urinary calculi and rickets)

A hormone

It is a free radical scavenger that prevents oxidation of lipids within membranes

Phagocytosis (when damaged cells are consumed by other cells)

Selenium

Muscular dystrophy in ruminants and affects nerves and muscles

What is Vitamin K needed for?

The rumen

When the muscle stiffens up (mostly in ruminants) and looks like white frosting over the red muscle

A selenium deficiency

CoenzymeA

Whole grains and starchy foods such as potatoes and parsnips

Macro (large amounts) and micro (smaller amounts) minerals

Calcium, Potassium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, Sulfer, and Chlorine (CPPMSSC)

Iron, Iodine, Manganese, Copper, Cobalt, Zinc, Molybdenum, Selenium, and Chromium

Creating iodized salt

Hair color and texture, nervous system, and reproductive system

7 - 11 ppm

Copper toxicity, milk fever, white muscle, urinary calculi, and anemia

0.25 - 0.5 oz a day

High in calcium, low in phosphorus

The development of the skeleton

Alfalfa and forages

High in phosphorus, low in calcium

On a cow that eats high amounts of grain

They may get calcium stones

Skeletal maintenance and enzyme systems

Sulfur

Aids in fiber growth

Sulfur

When they get to the abomasum

Iodine

Goiter

Show lambs

Nervous system, skin pigmentation, hair, etc

Cattle

Dull, dry hair/coat

Iron

They tend to get more parasites that feed off of blood

Cobalt

Selenium

Helps the body absorb it

Ammonium chloride

The body will become used to it, and it will lose it preventative abililities

Digestibility (TDN), % crude protein, % fat, % fiber, and calcium/phosphorus

Energy, crude fiber