BIOL 111 Exam 2 - TAMU

Prokaryote and Eukaryote

A cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes

No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, much smaller, unicellular, and a circle of DNA

1 - 10 micrometers

10 -100 micrometers

Bacteria and Archaea

Biochemistry, evolutionary history, cell wall composition, cell membrane composition, and metabolic activity

Asexually through binary fission

They make two copies of the origin and other aspects such as DNA, plasmid, and ribosomes, then the cell slowly begins to split apart and reform as two separate cells

Primarily because of their lack of internal membrane-bound organelles

A network of protein fibers within cytoplasm organized by the centrosome

An organelle responsible for organizing microtubules, mitotic spindle formation, cell polarity and migration, and organelle positioning

Consists of two centrioles surrounded by protein rich matrix

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Provide structural support and shape to a cell, organize its internal components, facilitate movement of organelles within the cell, and enable cell motility by allowing the cell to change shape and move in response to stimuli

Houses the cell's DNA in the form of chromatin

Directs the synthesis of proteins and ribosomes

Series of interconnected membranous tubules and studded with ribosomes

Folds and modifies proteins, and products packaged within vesicles and transported to the Golgi

Continous with RER but lacks ribosomes

Synthesizing lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification (liver cells), and calcium storage

Enzyme complexes responsible for protein synthesis

Consist of large and small subunits, complex of proteins and RNA

Floating freely in cytoplasm or attached to the ER

Produce proteins that function in the cytosol or certain organelles and be part of the cytoskeleton

Produce proteins for secretion, membranes, and lysosomes

Series of flattened sacs

Responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport

Membrane bound sacs responsible for storage and transport

Vacuoles are larger and do not duse with the membranes of other cellular components, while vesicles are smaller and do fuse with other membranes within the cell

Enzymes filled organelles that break down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and worn out organelles

Lysosomes

Lysosomes

Group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids

Nuclear envelope, ER, vesicles, lysosomes, Golgi aparatus, and plasma membrane

Small, round organelles enclosed by a membrane that were formed in the ER by division of pre-existing peroxisomes

Fatty acid metabolism and detoxification

Powerhouse of the cell or energy factor of the cell

Oval shaped, double membrane bound organelles

Have their own ribosomes and DNA and can replicate independent of the cell cycle

Motility (sperm or some bacteria)

Fertility (move ovum through F tubes

Cell wall, chloroplasts, and central vacuole

Plasma membrane

Structural support and protection, selective permeability/transport, cell communication, cell adhesion, and cell recognition

Phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol

Exculsively outside of the membrane and are used as cell recognition "facial features"

Temperature, mosaic nature, and fatty acid composition

Everything is packed tightly together and rigid

Everything spreads out and is loose

Decreases rigidity and increases flexability without letting anything unwelcome pass through

Packed very tightly together because there are no kinks in the fatty acid chains

Increases fluidity because of the kinks in the fatty acid chains

Caused by ampipathic phospholipids, allows the cells to exchange material with surroundings but tightly controlled

Size and charge/polarity

Ions and large, polar molecules

Small, nonpolar molecules

Small polar molecules and large nonpolar molecules

Transport down the concentration gradient where no ATP is produced

High concentration ---> low concentration

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

Transport where ATP is produced

Primary active, secondary active, bulk transport, and against the gradient

Carrier proteins or pumps that facilitate movement across the cell membrane

Uniport, symport, and antiport

Carries 1 molecule or ion

Carries two different molecules or ions the same direction

Carries two different molecules or ions in different diretions

A form of passive transport where size and charge determines how easy or difficult it is to get into or out of the cell - it still depends on concentration gradient, but needs help from either protein channels or carrier proteins

A special type of diffusion - movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane

Both are passive, but simple diffusion does not need help, while facilitated diffusion requires help from proteins

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water by osmosis - significant impact on cells without a cell wall

Passive

Active

The combination of an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient across a membrane - it determines the direction of ion flow through a membrane

Transport that goes against the gradient (either), going low to high that requires energy/ATP

ATP

Electrochemical gradient

ATP shifts a phosphate group from ATP to transport protein, then induces a confirmational shape change in the protein, and translocated the substrate across the membrane

Carrier/transport proteins or pumps that move ions across a membrane, creating the electrochemical gradient by generating a voltage across the membrane

3 Na2+ out, 2K+ in

Sodium will enter the carrier, then ATP is transfered to ADP and a phosphate group attaches which switches the direction of the opening and releases the Na and collects K, then when the phosphate group is removed, it switches the opening direction once again to be facing inside and releases the K

A process that moves substances across a cell membrane using energy stored in an electrochemical gradient

The movement of large particles or large quantities of small molecules across the membrane that requires energy and vesicles

Endocytosis and exocytosis

The transport of molecules into the cell

The transport of molecules out of the cell

The transport of large molecules into the cell

The transport of small molecules into the cell

The building blocks of DNA

Deoxyribose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thiamine

Purines

Adenine and guanine

Pyrimidines

Cytosine and thiamine

Thiamine

Cytosine

Both double stranded, genetic material, double helix structure, same set of nucleotides, same genetic code

Nucleoid region, single circular chromosome, and drastically smaller genome

Nucleus, multiple linear chromosomes, histones that help condense the DNA

3 billion

46

Nucleosome

Just the double helix

Histones + DNA = nucleosomes

Nucleosomes interact making chromatin

Looped chromatin = looped domaisn

condensed chromatin loops = chromatid

DNA and proteins

Condensed chromatin

Major unifying characteristics of all eukaryotes that undergo chemical modifications that result in changes in chromatin organization

Euchromatin and Heterochromatin

Loosely packed chromatin - ususally the DNA gets expressed

Densley packed chromatin - DNA is not usually expressed

Makes chromatin less compact

Makes chromatin more compact

The chromosomes code for the same thing, just may present differently

23 (22 autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes)

46

The functional units of chromosomes that determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins

Different forms of a characteristic (detached ear vs attached ear)

Different versions of the same gene

They are less compact when expressed, so the lighter portion of the chromosome is where it is expressed

Diploid cells with 2 sets of each chromosome (2n = 46)

Haploid cells with one single set of chromosomes (1n = 23)

Enzymes that synthesize long chains of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

Circular chromosomes, single origin of replication, no telomerase, much faster rate of replication

Linear chromosomes, multiple origins of replication, telomerase present, slower rate of replication

Removes primers and fills in the space with DNA

Added to the end of the DNA strand to prevent fraying or tangling, but can lead to cancer and can age the cell

Denaturation, annealing, and extension

(2^n)(amount of DNA at start in bp), where n is the cycle number

Concurrently with DNA replication by the DNA polymerase proofreading

6 billion

44

Normal growth and production, normal maintenance, and cell + tissue repaire

DNA is duplicatedeplicated then the cell divides

Growth phase, chromosomal replication phase, and separation phase

Bidrectional, meaning replication proceeds outward

Interphase and mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

A cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle

G1, S, G2

Cell begins growing but it is not very visible, the cell is preparing for DNA replication

DNA replication where chromosomes and centrosomes duplicate

Energy is replenished after the proteins are made and the cytoskeleton begins breaking down

Chromosomes condense and become visible while spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down and nucleolus dissapears

Chromosomes continue to condense, kinetichores appea at the centrosomes, the spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores, and the centrosomes move toward opposite poles

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to condense, the nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes and the mitotic spindle breaks down

A cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells

A cell plate separates the daughter cells