1What is poultry?
Includes chicjens, turkeys, geese, pigeans, peafowl, guineas, and game birds
2What is a hen?
Sexually mature female
3What is a cock (rooster)?
Sexually mature male chicken
4What is a pullet?
Immature female chicken
5What is oviposition?
The egg laying process
6How does oviposition occur?
The egg passes through the oviduct small end first, then flips 180 degrees so the large end comes out first
7Where did the poultry inductry start in the US?
On family farms in the midwest
8Why has poultry consumption increased recently?
A shift from seasonal to year-round production, new methods of processing, and the newfound availability of broilers at favorable prices (several production and marketing factors)
9What is the most consumed poultry in the US?
Broiler chickens
10Poultry is sold as...
Further processed, smaller portion packing, convenience, and easy to prepare
11What is vertical integration in the poultry industry?
All aspects of the industry are run by the same company - they carry out all activities in broiler production, from hatching through delivery to buyers
12What is the poultry industry run by?
Vertical integration
13What are the egg grades?
AA, A, and B
14What causes a US Grade Dirty?
When the stained areas on a Grade B is larger than the 1/32 and 1/16 rule
15What causes an egg to be graded US Grade B?
Abnormal shell textures and shapes
16How many eggs can a hen produce in a year?
285 eggs
17What is the most valuable poultry cut?
The breast
18How long does it take for a baby chick to hatch?
21 days
19How long does it take for a baby turkey to hatch?
28 days
20How much feed does it take to produce a dozen eggs in broilers?
3 lbs per one dozen eggs
21What is it called when the hen determines the sex of a chick?
Heterogametic
22What are the top 5 egg producing states?
Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas
23What are the top broiler states?
Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina, Mississippi, and Texas
24What are the top broiler companies?
Tyson Foods, Pilgrim Pride Corporation, Sanderson Farms, and Perdue Farms
25Top five turkey producing states?
Minnesota, North Carolina, Arkansas, Indiana, and Missouri
26Top 2 turkey processors
Butterball and Jennie-O Turkey Store
27What is the nutrients difference between white and brown eggs?
There is none
28How are male and female turkeys raised?
Separately
29What are turkies genetically tested for?
Breast meat production and whute plumage color
30How old are toms raised to?
24 weeks
31How heavy are toms raised to?
40-45 lbs
32How old are hens raised to?
16-20 weeks
33How heavy are hens raised to?
18-30 lbs
34Where do majority of the white eggs come from in the US?
White leghorn hens
35What is special about french vanilla ice cream?
It must contain eggs in it
36How do eggs improve frozen desserts?
Increases flavor, improves texture, and adds a yellow color
37How do eggs improve the texture of frozen desserts?
Makes them creamier and prevents ice crystal formation
38Where does fertilization occur?
Oviduct (fallopian tubes)
39What is the shape of a cow's ovaries?
Almond-shaped
40What is the shape of a doe and ewe's ovaries?
Almond-shaped, but smaller than half the size of the cow
41What is the shape of a mare's ovaries?
Kidney-shaped, 2 to 3 times the size of the cow
42What is the shape of a sow's ovaries?
"cluster of grapes," slightly larger than ewe/doe
43What primary reproductive organ are the testes analogous to?
Ovaries
44What is a bilateral cryptorchid?
When both of the testes are stuck in the body cavity
45What is a unilateral cryptorchid?
When one teste is stuck in the body cavity
46Which type of cryptorchid is completely sterile?
Bilateral cryptorchid
47What should the temperature of the testes be?
4 degrees celcius below body temperature
48What are the mechanisms for teste temperature regulation?
Scrotum, cremaster muscle, and pampiniform plexus
49How does the scrotum regulate teste temperature?
The muscle will contract when the temperature falls creating skin wrinkles
50How does the cremaster muscle regulate teste temperature?
The muscle will contract when the temperature falls and pull the testes closer to the body
51How does the pampiniform plexus regulate teste temperature?
A complex network of blood bessels cool the blood before it enters the testes
52What is the function of the testes?
To produce sperm
53What are the segments of the epididymis?
Caput (head), corpus (body), and cauda (tail)
54What are the functions of the epididymis?
Transport spermatozoa, increase the concentration of spermatozoa, store the spermatozoa, and maturation of spermatozoa
55Where is the sperm stored
Cauda of the epididymis
56Where does maturation of the spermatozoa occur?
Caput and corpus of epididymis
57What is LH released from?
Anterior pituitary in response to GnRH
58What does LH do to the female reproductive system?
Causes formation of the corpus luteum
59What does LH do to the male reproductive system?
Stimulates the production of testosterone
60Where is FSH released from?
Anterior pituitary in response to GnRH
61What does FSH do to the female reproductive system?
Stimulates follicle growth
62What does FSH do to the male reproductive system?
Stimulates sperm cell production
63What does oxytocin do to the female reproductive system?
Induces milk letdown and causes muscle contractions during parturition
64What is estrogen responsible for in the female reproductive system?
Sexual behavior during estrus, secondary sex characteristics at the time of puberty, relaxes the cervix and increases uterine motility during estrus, and elevates secretory activity of entire reproductive tract
65What is estrogen responsible for in the male reproductive system?
Sexual behavior
66What hormone is especially high in stallions?
Estrogen
67Where is progesterone released from?
The corpus luteum and placenta
68What does progesterone do?
Endometrial secretions and prepare the uterus to receive the embryo, inhibit GnRH release, inhibuts reproductive behavior, and maintains pregnancy
69What is testosterone released by in males?
Leydig cells
70What is testosterone released by in females?
Theca interna cells
71What does testosterone do in females?
Works as a substrate for estrogen synthesis and abnormal masculization
72What does testosterone do in males?
Responsible for secondary sex characteristics, sexual behavior (libido), promotes spermatogenesis, and promotes secretions from accessory sex glands
73What is prostaglandin produced by?
Uterine endometrium
74What does prostaglandin do in females?
Promotes the regression of CL and ovulation and causes uterine contractions at parturition or for cleansing the uterus
75What are some major advantages of AI?
Genetic improvement through increased use of superior sires, disease control (especially STDs), improved record keeping, eliminates need for bulls to be kept on farm, and may be more economical than natural service
76What is the preferred method used for breeding cattle?
Rectocervical
77What is the am/pm rule?
If a cow is detected in estrus, they should be bred 12 hours later
78What are the stunning methods for cattle and sheep?
Mechanical (hammer, stun gun, or captive bolt)
79What are the stunning methods for swine?
Electrical (electrical shock) or chemical (CO2 chamber)
80What is stunning or immobilization?
The killing part
81How is the bleeding stage of harvesting completed for cattle and swine?
By severing the carotid artery or jugular vein or both
82How is the bleeding stage of harvesting completed for sheep?
Stuck behind the lower jawbone (mandible)
83Where is the head removed during the harvesting phase?
The atlas joint (between the atlas vertebra and occipital condyles)
84How is the skin and hair removed on cattle?
With a hide puller
85How is the skin and hair (pelt) removed on sheep?
By fisting (using the fist to go between the fell membrane and the skin)
86What is the fell membrane in sheep?
A membrane that fully encompasses the carcass and lies between the muscle and skin
87How is skin removed in swine?
Skin is not removed
88How is hair removed on swine?
Scalding (dehairing machine)
89Where are the feet and toenails removed on cattle?
At the knee and hock
90How are the feet and toenails removed on swine?
Toenails are pulled off with hooks and feet are left on until after carcass is chilled
91How are the feet and toenails removed on sheep?
Removed at the break joint
92If there is a break joint on a sheep what does that mean?
Young (lamb)
93If there is a spool joint on a sheep what does that mean?
Older
94What are the contents of the viscera?
Abdominals
95What are the contents of the pluck?
Thoracics - trachea, lungs, and heart
96Which species are split?
Cattle and swine?
97Which species is not split?
Sheep
98What should the color of lean look like in beef?
Bright, cherry red to dark red
99What should the color of lean look like in pork?
Grayish pink to grayish red
100What should the color of lean look like in lamb?
Light pink
101What should the color of lean look like in mutton?
Bright red
102What is an antemortem inspection?
When live animals are inspected within 24 hours of harvest
103What is a postmortem inspection?
An inspection of the lymph nodes, internal organs, and lean tissue to ensure wholesomeness after harvest
104What are the classifications a carcass can receive from an antemortem inspection?
US Passed, US Suspect, or US Condemned
105What are some factors that influence dressing percentage?
Fill (abdominal and thoracic contents), digestive tract type, fat, muscle, and manure and mud
106What are offel or dress-off items?
Any organ or body part which does not remain with the carcass (byproducts)
107What are some types of byproducts?
Blood, feet and shanks, hide or pelt, viscera, head, liver, and heart
108What is the most valuable by-product?
Hide or pelt
109What are buttons?
Soft cartilage tips on the outside of the chine bones that ossify as an animal matures
110What is the pizzle eye?
White disc-like tissue immediately behind the aitch bone (from which the penis is removed)
111What is used to distinguish steers from heifer caracasses?
The pizzle eyes
112How long do you withhold feed before harvest?
12-24 hours
113What are the primal cuts of beef?
Chuck, rib, short loin, and round
114What are the factors that determine beef yield grade?
12th rib fat thickness, carcass weight, ribeye area, and KPH fat
115What are beef quality grades based on?
Maturity and marbling
116What is a casterated swine?
Farrow
117What is a casterated sheep?
Whether
118What is a casterated cow?
Steer
119What is PSE in swine?
Pale, soft, and exudative
120What is the opposite of PSE in swine?
DFD
121What is DFD in swine?
Dark, firm, and dry