1What are the main differences between sheep and goats?
Skeleton and appearences
2When were sheep at their peak numbers in the US (45 mil)
1880-1940
3Why were sheep at such a prime during the span of 1880-1940?
Wool was mainly used for military and blankets clothing (WWI +II), and the US wanted to buy overstock compared to Argentina
4Which country used to be the leading seller and producer of sheep?
Argentina
5When did sheep demand decline?
1950-1995
6Why did sheep demand begin to decline?
End of the world wars, creattion of synthetic fibers, loss of wool and mohair incentive, etc
7Why do we not really eat sheep anymore?
Soldiers and a whole generation had to eat off the sheep surplus
8Why do environmentalists want sheep back?
They are good for the environment as they can graze reducing the risk of fires
9What does a spiral colon do in sheep and goats?
Takes out the nutrients and moisture in fleeces and causes feces to come out as pellets
10What is a huge problem in the goat and sheep raising industry?
Predators (especially in mountains)
11How are sheep and goats managed?
Similar to a cow-calf system where they are fed cheap grass and feed, to turn it into an expensive product (wool and mohair)
12How many goats are in a band?
1,000 head of goats
13How do you keep count of how many goat are still in a band?
There is about 1 colored goat for every 100 goats, so you only have to keep track of 10 colored goats
14What are the leading states in sheep and goats?
Texas, California, Colorado, and Wyoming
15What is the guardian dog program?
Dogs bond with the sheep and goats and protect them at all times
16What are the main expenses in production?
Feed costs
17What type of feed do sheep prefer?
Forbes, grass, browse
18What type of feed do goats prefer?
Browse, forbes, grass
19What type of feed do cattle prefer?
Grass, forbes, browse
20What are range ewes generally raised for?
Wool and lamb
21What are nannies generally raised for?
Meat
22What is a growing problem in sheep and goat production?
Predators
23What are the main predators of goats and sheep?
Coyotes, eagles, bobcats, and foxes
24What are common guard animals for sheep and goats?
Dogs, llamas, and donkeys
25What are the world leaders in sheep and goat production?
China, India, and Australia
26What is a farm flock for sheep and goats?
About 25-100 head, intensively managed, oriented towards lamb production
27What kind of diet are lambs put on in feedlots?
High concentration - 90% whole corn
28What is the leading lamb feeding state in the country?
Colorado
29What does it mean that sheeps and goats are seasonal product?
They are born in the spring and eaten in the spring
30What does the US do to get sheep when it is not the spring?
Import from New Zealand or Australia
31What is enterotoxemia?
Overeating or pulpy kidney disease, causes toxic inflammation
32What is urinary calculi?
Also known as kidney stones that occur in mainly goats or sheep
33What causes urinary calculi?
An improper Calcium to Phosphorus ratio
34What is the Ca:P ratio?
2:1
35What are high in Phosphorus?
Grains
36What are high in Calcium?
Roughage
37What should you not feed goats?
High quality alfalda
38What are lambs sold based on?
Dressing weight and carcass weight
39What drives the sheep and goat industry?
Ethnic populations
40How do you prevent acidosis?
Start animals on a high roughage diet, then slowly move to concentrate
41What is vertical integration?
When the producers own everything and control everything up until consumption
42Which animal production system is most known for vertical integration?
Swine industry
43What is pig poop high in?
Nitrogen, and it makes a great fertilizer
44What is a generation interval?
How quickly they can reproduce - based on their gestation period
45Do pigs have a long or short gestation interval?
Short
46What is the gestation period of a pig?
116 days
47What is a litter bearing?
The number born alive (NBA)
48What are the carcass traits of swine?
Loin eye area, back fat, and belly thickness
49What size ham do you want for show business?
A big ham
50What size ham do you want for commercial use?
Smaller, as health and welfare is very important
51What are swine seedstock producers?
Traditional purebred breeders that provide foundation offspring for others (farrowing and nursery)
52What are swine commercial producers?
Farrowing, nursery, and feeder/finish
53What are swine coporate production units?
Control everything from conception to consumer (farrowing, nursery, and feeder/finish)
54What is produced as a byproduct from stress?
Cortical
55What can feral pigs bring along?
Brucellosis - a zoononic disease with flu-like symptoms
56Why is swine farm biosecurity so important?
To keep diseases off the farm, prevent the spread of diseases within the farm and to other farms, and prevent pathogen contamination of the food chain
57At what age do pigs get weaned (nursery stage)?
21 days
58Why are farrowing crates used?
To prevent piglets from being squashed by the mothers
59Why are gestation stalls used for pigs?
To ensure every pig gets fed the same amount
60Why do swine farms mostly use AI?
It is more efficiant and limits the amount of boars needed
61What must the swine industry do to boar studs?
House them individually located far away from other pigs
62What is good about boar semen?
There is a lot of money in selling it
63What do swine gestation barns hold?
Sows weaning from 110-112 lbs
64What do farrowing barnes hold?
Sows in farrowing crates and their piglets
65How long does it take before pigs can regulate their body temperature?
72 hours
66What is the average estrous cycle for sows?
21 days
67What is a main concern in piglet nurseries?
High biosecurity
68What is the main concern in finishing pigs?
Stocking density and pig space
69What is wean to finish in pig production?
Skip the nursery tage, and are weaned straight into finishing pens
70Why do chickens have the best waste
They combine feces and urine to get a lot of nitrogen
71What does the poultry industry look like?
Vertical integration and high in biosecurity
72Where does majority of the consumed poultry come fro
Foreign companies
73What is specifically high in nitrogen within urine
Urea
74How many days does it take for a chick to
21 days
76What do producers do with waste from swine and poultry?
Recycle their poop to use in the grass nd make hay high in nitrogen which is then used to feed cattle
77What is adaptation?
Long term changes in animals in response to their environment rhat are genetically based
78What is acclimation?
The process or result of becoming accustomed to a new climate or new conditions in a short period of time
79Critical Temperature
The temperature when the animal must make physological adjustments to maintain body temperature. There is an upper and lower critical temperature which includes sweating or shivering, etc.
80What is effective temperature?
The total heating or cooling power of the environment - is it hot or cold outside?
81Evaporation
Loss of heat through vaporization of moisture from the respiratory tract and skin (sweat is taking heat)
82What is homeotherm?
Animals that maintain a relatively constant body temperature regardless of the external temperatures
83What is the normal body temperature for a horse?
100 degrees F
84What is the norml body temperature for cattle?
100.5 degrees F
85What is the normal body temperature for sheep and goat?
102 degrees F
86What is the normal body temperature for swine?
102.5 degrees F
87What is the normal body temperature for chickens?
107 degrees F
88What do roughages produce?
Heat
89When are animals most productive and efficiant?
In the cold
90What is thyroxine?
A hormone produced by the thyroid gland, thyroxine secretion increases during the cold stress and decreases during the hot stress
91What are corticiods?
Hormones produced by the adrenal gland, cortical secretions increased durnig cold sorters and decreased durng heat streesss
92What does thyroxine need?
Iodine
93What is goiter?
A swelling of the neck that occurs when you don't have enough iodine
94What is the cheapest and simplest method of reducing stress during the heat?
Shade - helps reduce stress due to solar radiation
95How much does shade reduce radiant heat gain by?
Up to 50%
96What is evaporative cooling?
Good when there is low humidity, evaporating water which pulls the heat out of it (sprinklers, foggers, etc)
97Why is it important for animals to be cool?
The more cool and comfortable they are, the more they are willing to eat
98Which industry is zone cooling most popular in?
Swine industry
99What is a byproduct of urine breakdown that is toxic?
Ammonia
100When should ventilation be used?
When raising livestock in enclosed and confined buildings
101What must happen when there is ammonia in the air (especially near the ground)?
Moisture must be removed along with the ammonia through ventiliation
102What is proper air exchange important for?
Temperature control and health
103How do sheep naturally combat the cold?
They will produce more glanolin to thicken the skin by about 4x
104What is required to maintain body temperature?
Increases in energy which causes a decrease in efficiency
105How much does water intake increase during heavy stress periods?
50-100%
106How much more caloric value does fat have than protein?
3x
107The more stressed an animal is, the _____ they eat
Less
108When an animal eats less because of stress, what must they be fed?
Energy dense foods such as concentrates and fats
109What do high fiber diets contribute to?
Heat stress
110What is a B vitamin needed in ruminant diets?
Thiamine
111What is Polioencephalomania?
The swelling of the brain, and the number one killer in sheep other than predators
112What gland produces melatonin?
Pineal gland
113What is associated with reproductive performance in a number of species?
Day length
114How does melatonin levels affect breeding in animals?
Melatonin levels due to sunlight will rise and fall due to sunlight, signaling to animals that it is time to breed
115How does melatonin in sheep and goats cause breeding?
A loss of sunlight during the fall causes an increase in melatonin signaling for estrus to begin in females
116When do mares begin to cycle?
When the days get longer
117What is nutrient recycling?
When manure is used on farms for fertilizing (poop contains high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium)
118What happens when animals are not healthy?
Producers are losing money because it costs more to fix sickness than keep them healthy
119What is animal husbandry?
The practice of raising and caring for animals for a variety of purposes, including food, fiber, milk, and more
120Why do producers want animals to be happy?
When they are content, they are less stressed and less likely to get into fights or sick
121What can diseases be caused by?
Virus, bacteria, internal or external parsites, etc
122What is pathology?
The study of the essential nature of diseases
123What is etiology?
The study of the causes of diseases
124How does an infectious disease gain power?
They must enter the body through skin, cuts, mouth, or nose, and have a way to exit the body
125What is a common genetic deformity in sheep?
Spider lamb
126What kind of immunity is colostrum?
Passive immunity
127What kind of immunity are vaccinations?
Active immunity
128What are adjavent vaccines?
Cause a reaction within the body that signals it to start fighting against the foreign entity
129What happens when you keep up with animal wellfare and hygeine?
Levels of immunity protection become second nature
130What is passive immunity?
Passed from the mother to offspring during gestation or through colostrum
131What is active immunitiy?
When antibodies are produced by the animal from exposure to an organism or vaccine
132What essential amino acid do pigs need?
Lysine
133What is entropion?
A genetic issue in sheep that causes their eyelids to invert
134What is toxoplasmosis?
A common bacteria found in raw meat and cat feces
135What metal is bad for sheep?
Copper
136What is founder in horses?
Too much grain can cause the hooves to rotate and cripple
137What are some genetic issues in sheep?
Scrapie, entropion, spider lamb, etc
138What is scrapie?
Goes into the brain and attacks it making holes (quite literally causes the sheep to scrape a lot)
139What are some genetic issues in cattle?
Curl calf syndrome (angus)
140What are some genetic issues in swine?
Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS)
141What is a dirty pen?
When animals first arrive at a new location and are quarantined for one week where they are vaccinated, dewormed, and weaned onto the feed
142How long are new animals separated?
6-8 weeks
143What is vibrosis?
A bacterial infection thaat cuases animals to abort, and when the dead baby comes out, it is covered in the bacteria and can spread to other animals (unnoticable until birth)
144Why is animal identification used?
Traceability of the anmal s they are able to keep track of diseases and who might have brought them
145What is one of the main worries in the burger and meat industry?
Birdshot - small sized bullets
146What is the last country to trace animals?
USA
147What is Caseous Lymphadentitis (CL)?
Infection disease in goats and sheep that causes big node swells on the side of the neck
148What are zoononic diseases?
Diseases that can pass between humans and animals
149What is sore mouth?
A herpes type virus that is prevelent in sheep and goats that is very transmitable to humans
150How did we get rid of brucellosis?
Through pasteurization
151What type of disease is ringworm?
Zoononic
152Why is trichonella no longer a problem in pigs?
Because we raise them on concrete
153How do diseases affect the economy?
People aren't educated enough and freak out causing changes to be made in the industry that will affect pricing for the good or bad
154What is APHIS
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
155What is the window of acceptabillity for fat in meat?
3-7%
156Why do we grade meat?
To create a set of standards that we can communicate with someone else that also helps to set a price
157What does quality grade equal?
Palitability - which is based on marbling
158What are market classes?
Groups of animals separated according to use (similar to buying a pair of shoes)
159What are the different types of market classes?
Slaughter, feeder, bred heifers, and pairs
160What are market subclasses?
Age, sex, and weight
161What is frame size?
How big an animal will be when they grade choice
162Why do females typically grade choice sooner?
They are early growing and faster maturing
163What is grade?
Designed to group aniimals according to their relative merit within a market class
164What are the determinants of grade in beef?
Quality (palitability) and cutability (yield)
165What is an okie?
100% bos taurus and has no brahmen influence
166What is crossbred?
There is some brahmen influence in them
167What are feeder grade numbers in cattle?
A measure of how much muscling is in a cow (1,2,3,4) 1 = heavy muscled, 4 = light muscled
168What is the deal with USDA inspections and grading?
Inspections are mandatory but grading is voluntary
169Why are cows separated into frame sizes?
To give them a higher liklihood of grading choice
170Why do feeder pigs not rely on grading?
Vertical integration has made them all taste and look the same
171What dictates where feeder lambs go?
The ethnic market
172What is the last type of fat to develop in the body?
Intramuscular fat (marbling)
173When do large frame cows grade choice?
Steers (1250 lbs), heifers (1150 lbs)
174When do medium frame cows grade choice?
Steers (1100-1250 lbs), heifers (1000-1150 lbs)
175When do small frame cows grade choice?
Steers (less than 1100 lbs), heifers (less than 1000 lbs)
176What is the average dressing weight of a lamb?
50%
177What is the average dressing weight of a cow?
60%
178What is the average dressing weight of pork?
70%
179What is the dressing percent calculation?
(carcass weight/live weight) x 100
180What is beef yield grading?
An estimate of the yield of a boneless, closely trimmed retail cut from the round, loin, chuck, and rib
181What are the four cuts of beef?
Round, loin, rib, chuck
182What is are the numerical values for beef yield grades?
1.0 --> 5.9 (1 = thin, 5 = fat)
183What is the average/standard beef yield grade?
3
184What are the factors evaluated in yield grading?
Carcass weight, fat thickness, ribeye area, and kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (KPH)
185What is the average carcass weight for beef?
600 lbs
186What is the average ribeye area for beef?
11.0 in^2
187Where is the amount of external fat measured?
3/4 of the way up the ribeye between the 12th and 13th rib
188What is KPH?
Amount of kidney, pelvic, and heart fat
189As the amount of KPH increases, what happens to the percentage of retail cuts?
The percentage will decrease
190What is the ribeye area called?
Longissimus dorsi
191Where is the longissimus dorsi?
Between the 12th and 13th rib
192As ribeye area increases, what happens to the percentage of retail cuts?
The percentage increases
193How do quality grade and yield grade work together to determine the price of a carcass?
The quality grade helps determine the base price, and the yield grade helps determine if it should be higher or lower than that base
194What is PYG?
Preliminary Yield Grade
195What is HCWT?
Hot Carcass Weight
196What is REA?
Ribeye Area
197What is quality grading?
A composite evaluation of factors that affect the palitability of meat
198What are the main determinants of quality grading?
Tenderness, juiciness, and flavor
199What is beef quality based on?
Maturity and marbling
200How do you determine the age on a carcass?
Look at the skeletal ossification
201Where do you look for ossification on beef?
Thoracic buttons
202Where do you look for ossification on lamb?
Spool joints
203Where is the maturity break?
The BC line
204What is the BC line?
A break in between the maturity classifications and how well the carcass can grade - anything below the BC line cannot grade higher than commercial
205What do the rib bones look like on a younger carcass?
Red and round
206What do the rib bones look like on an older carcass?
Wide and flat
207Where is the BC line
at 42 months or older
208If the carcass is below 30 months of age, what maturity is it rated?
Maturity A
209What can cause dark cutter?
Stress and disease
210What causes blood splash in meat?
Injuries
211What percentage of lamb grade choice or higher?
98%
212Which type of sex determinant fat appears smooth?
Udder
213Which type of sex determinant fat appears rough and grape like?
Cod
214How do you tell age based on the spool joint?
The older it gets, the more the bone ossifies, becoming stronger and less breakable - if it has the break in it, then it is younger
215What does two break joints entail?
A young lamb
216What does one break joint and one spool joint entail?
A mutton
217What are the retail cuts of the lamb?
Leg, loin, rack, and shoulder
218How is lamb yield grade determined?
By the external fat measured opposite the ribeye at the 12th rib
219What is the yield grade equation for lamb?
0.4 + (10 x fat thickness)
220How is pork grading determined?
By the apparent sex condition of the animl at the time of slaughter
221What are the USDA grades for pork in most prefered to least?
1,2,3,4, and utility
222What are the expected cuts of pork?
Ham, loin, boston butt, picnic shoulder
223What are the determinants of quality in pork?
Firmness (slightly firm) and color of lean (pinkish)
224What is the unacceptable pork grade?
Utility - generally has the deformaties such as PSE
225How does PSE affect the carcass?
Makes it pale, soft, exudated, and lowers the pH levels making it more acidic
226What factors affect the USDA pork cutability grade?
Fat opposite the last rib and muscling score
227What are the cutability scores for pork?
1 = thin, 2 = average, and 3 = thick
228What is the USDA pork cutability equation?
(4 x last rib backfat thickness) - (1.0 x muscle score)
229What does A quality mean in poultry?
Free of deformities
230What does B quality mean in poultry?
Slight deformities
231What is the highest value byproduct of beef?
Hyde
232What happens to the muscle color after death?
Purple color changes due to oxification and final pH levels
233What hapens to the glycogen in meat after death?
Turns into lactc acid and is no longer able to create ATP causing a rise in pH levels
234Metmyglobin
Brown color
235Reduced Myoglobin
Purple
236Oxymyoglobin
Bright red
237What is the idel pH in muscle after death?
5.6 pH
238What happens the more acidic muscle is?
The more water it retains
239What is the HACCP?
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
240What is the leading cause of liver abscesses (acidosis)?
High grain diets that cause the pH levels to drop in ruminant stomachs
241What color fat will grassfed cattle have?
Yellow due to the acetate
242What color fat will grainfed cattle have?
White due to different VFAs