EXAM1

millions to billions of ______ on Earth

prokaryotic definition

eukaryotic definition

Not many species are described t or f

4 kingdoms of eukaryotes

protists outnumber humans t or f

what has the most biomass

what belongs to several unresolved lineages, has plant animal and fungi traits, typically unicellular and some colony

what is multicelluar, has limited mobility, and is photoautotrophic

What is a diverse group of micro + macro decomposers (sapportrophic)

protists are mostly microscopic like amoeba, algae, and they are most pathogens like malaria t or f

Animals must

most described eukaryotes are in kingdom ____

How many existing animals are extinct naturally?

There are more invertibrates than vertibrates t or f

What are the most known types of animals

specific to diverse

what is worse endangered or threatened?

How many threatened in endangered are in TN?

All life forms share

shared functions of all living organisms

high concentration to low concentration

transport proteins get larger molecules across membrane

against the gradient with atp

plasma membrane bulk transport active transport

no net movement

shriveled water going out of cell into a salty environement

burst cells water going inside

what is a way to regulate tonicity because solutes are big. water moves

prokaryotes are in what 2 domains. lack nuclei and organelles

eukaryotes are in what domain.

All cells have what

What has all functions of life stored in its membrane

large nonnucleated cells englufed small simpler cells

DNA + histone proteins condenses to chomosome

>2N sterile or asexual reproduction

8 chromatid =

example of polyploidy in humans

division of nucleus

division of cytoplasm

first 22 chromosomes

epithelial tissue

large scale population change over time

"descent with modification" who coined this

small scale changed pop short time

genetic change pop over time

Who proposed Lamarckian theory

theory of inheritance of aquired characteristics

organisms develop new organs or modify existing organs as needs arise, species do not go extict just evolve to new, change in offspring from gametes and is discredited by most biologists

who proposed theory of evolution

on the origing of species by means of natural selection is by

the formation of new form from an ancestral species in response to habitat

1 all organisms have far greater reproductive potential 2 inherited variation exists 3 struggle for resources 4 adaptive traits become more common in subsequent generations

example of organisms have far greater reproductive potential

occurs when a heritable change in phenotype makes animals better

single population divided by a barrier

without precense of barrier

When new species arises that cant interbreed

study geographic distrobution of plant + animal

study fossil

study of structureal similarity

similar in function and appearance but unrelated

similar because related

left over structure from ancestor

study of relationships among species

change in the frequency of alleles and leads to macroevolution

sum of alleles in population

created by Godfrey H Hardy and William Weinburg, mathematical model of frequencies of alleles in a population

Changes will not occue if 1. pop is very large 2. no migration 3. mutations in equilibrium or dont occur 4. reproduction is random

hardy weinburg formulas

mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, sexual selection, natural selection

random change in DNA

migration of individuals in or out

attractive alleles

survival or reproduction increased because of certain alleles

Gene flow maintains genetic diversity, is usually neutral or detrimental, and is from immigration t or f

genetic drift is random change in allele frequency, detrimental to small populations, and includes the founder and bottleneck effect t or f

reduced gene pool of colonizing individuals

loss of diversity of a depleted population

the tendecy of natural selection to disrupt the hardy weinburg theorem

individuals one extreme are at a disadvantage, deleterious decrease, others increase

circumstances select against the intermediates and leads to a distinct population or exaggerated types M

phenotypic extremes go away

example of directional, englands industrial revolution changes this from 99% grey to 95% black

example of disruptive, this has big males and little males

example of stabilizing, little change ever

2+ distinct forms of a population without a range of phenotype between

different phenotypes maintained at a fairly stable frequency

groups of interbreeding populations is a

connected species of neighboring populations that breed with adjacent populations and atleast two end populations

prevents fertilization

causes inviability or sterility

different species look different and they wont be bred with, and prebreeding rituals can cause this

different breeding periods can cause this

incompatible genetalia

gradual change over millions of years constant pace over a long time Darwin

rapid change followed by long period of stability

rates of change between molecules and structure portions of indiviuals change and other stay the same

animal response to abiotic factors

animals total energy intake + energy use/loss

short period of decreased metabolism and lower temperature (bats)

lower metabolism and temperature for months (small mammals)

enters a burrow or cocoon suspended till moist

utilizing stored energy with no drop in temperature

body heat from habitat, they usually burrow or congregate

uncontrolled hypothermia in ectotherms is

competition among members of the same species

competitions between species, herbivores vs predators

if competing species dont share resources

evolution of ecologically related species coordinated so that each species exerts a strong selective influence on the other

At least one of the interacting species is dependent on the continued association with another species

harmful relationship to host

one member benefit the other is neutral

both benefit

animals avoiding detection

color pattern hides animals (visual crypsis)

color matches environment

darkly pigmented on top lightly on bottom

resembling other species for protection

bright or sharp contrast colors as a warning

collective of all populations living in an area

highly influential species in a community

variety of species in a community

role of a species in a community

interspecific competition example

communities and their environment

What has 71% of surface, small primary producers, less oxygen, stable environment, less light, and supports organisms mass

what has 29% surface large primary producers less stable environement, more oxygen, light not limiting, and gravity

List the classification thing

what is a naming system with two names

bionomial nomenclature made by who

single ancestral species

multiple ancestors

what is some but not all descendants of ancestor

related group to determine ancestral trait

2 taxas that share most recent ancestor

traits common to all members symplesiomorphies

derived character traits synapomorphies

slowness of change

what is bacteria most abundant

what is microbes, different from bacteria

organism with compartmentalised cells

species seperated based on appearances

based on ability to interbreed and produce viable offspring

based on differences in phylogenetic history

characteristcs for classification

no central point or axis

how parts are arranged around axis

circular plan

1 plane actively moving animals

formation of a head seen in bilateral symmetry

single cell or colonial protists and porifera

body parts organized into layers from 2 embryonic tissue layers, cnidaria and ctenophora

tissues from 3 embryonic layers

sponges, cellular aggregated that show little interdependence

mouth is the only opening

gives rise to eperdermis in diploblastic

gives rise to gastrodermis for diploblastic

non cellular layer for diploblastic

what gives rise to supportive contractile or blood cells in triploblastic

mesoderm is solid mass of cells no body cavity ex: flatworms

body cavity not entirely lined by mesoderm, pseudocoelom, no muscular or connective tissue in gut ex roundworm

body cavity competely lined by mesoderm, true body cavity, suspending sheets that make mesoderm continuous called mesentary ex: worms and goats

mouth first anus second

mouth second anus first

8 celled embryo with upper tier twisted protostomes

fate of cells early protostomes

top shaped larvae protostomes

spiral cleavage, determinate cleavage, trochophone larvae, ex nemotoda mollusca

Cells directly over eachother deuterostomes

fate determined late, leading to possible indentical twins

radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage, no single type of larvae ex chordata

what embryonic develoopment has two molting patterns

animals do not pocess or molt and external cuticle ex annelid molluses

animals molt, arthropod