1Breathing is regulated by change in O2 levels
- hypoxic drive
- hypercarbic drive
2Breathing is regulated by increase of CO2 in arterial blood
- hypoxic drive
- hypercarbic drive
3low O2 in arterial blood
5harsh, high-pitched sound due to partial obstruction of the upper airway
- stridor
- wheezing
- rhonchi
- crackles (rales)
6sound indicative of swelling/constriction in lower airway
- stridor
- wheezing
- rhonchi
- crackles (rales)
7low-pitched, snore-like sounds indicative of obstruction or secretions in airway
- stridor
- wheezing
- rhonchi
- crackles (rales)
8popping sounds indicative of fluid in the lungs
- stridor
- wheezing
- rhonchi
- crackles (rales)
9sound due to a partially obstructed upper airway
- sonorous (snoring)
- gurgling
10sound due to presence of fluid in the airway
- sonorous (snoring)
- gurgling
11respiratory rate for ADULTS
12-20
12respiratory rate for ELDERLY
20-24
13respiratory rate for ADOLESCENTS (12-15)
12-20
14respiratory rate for SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN (6-11)
18-25
15respiratory rate for PRESCHOOLER (3-5)
20-28
16respiratory rate for TODDLER (1-2)
22-37
17respiratory rate for INFANT (1 month-12 months)
30-53
18respiratory rate for NEONATE (birth-1 month)
40-60
19gasping breaths, often witness right after cardiac arrest or right before death
agonal breathing
20Poor perfusion SpO2 reading?
below 94%
21pattern of breathing where respiratory rate and tidal volume gradually increase and decrease followed by a period of apnea for up to 10 seconds
cheyne stokes
22pattern of breathing where respiratory rate gradually increases and decreases followed by a period of apnea for up to 10 seconds
Biot
23pattern of breathing characterized by prolonged period of inhalation
apneustic
24irregularly irregular pattern of breathing (respiratory rate & tidal volume)
ataxic
25long periods of apnea with gasping breaths
agonal
26rapid respiratory rate with deep/labored tidal volume
kussmaul
27sustained deep & rapid respiratory rate of AT LEAST 25 breaths/min but with a regular pattern
central neurogenic hyperventilation
28heart rate of an ADULT
60-100
29heart rate of an ADOLESCENT (12-15)
60-100
30heart rate of a SCHOOL AGED CHILD (6-11)
75-118
31heart rate of a PRESCHOOLER (3-5)
80-120
32heart rate of a TODDLER (1-2)
98-140
33heart rate of an INFANT (1 month-12 months)
100-180
34heart rate of a NEONATE (birth-1 month)
100-205
35pallor causes
vasoconstriction, blood loss, shock, heart attack, fright, anemia, fainting, emotional distress
36cyanosis causes
poor perfusion, shock, poor respiration, heart attack
37flushing causes
heat exposure, CO poison
38Jaundice causes
liver disease
39mottling (blotchy gray-blue)
poor perfusion, shock, blood pooling
40hot skin
fever, heat exposure
41cool skin
poor perfusion, shock, cold exposure
42cold skin
extreme cold exposure
43wet/moist/clammy skin
shock, poison, heat related cardiac/diabetic emergency
44abnormally dry skin
spinal injury, dehydration, heat stroke, poisoning, hypothyroidism
45dilated pupil causes
cardiac arrest, LSD, amphetamines, cocaine
46constricted pupil causes
CNS disorder, narcotics
47unequal pupil causes
stroke, head injury, eye drops, eye trauma
48nonreactive pupil causes
cardiac arrest, brain injury, eye drops, drug intoxication, overdose
49fixed & dilated pupils
cardiac arrest, severe head injury, severe hypoxia, extermely poor perfusion
50sluggish pupil causes
hypoxia, drug overdose, poor perfusion
52BP for ADOLESCENTS (12-15)
110-131/64-83
53BP for PREADOLESCENTS (10-12)
102-120/61-80
54BP for SCHOOL AGED (6-9)
97-115/57-76
55BP for PRESCHOOLER (3-5)
89-112/46-72
56BP for TODDLER (1-2)
86-106/42-63
57BP for INFANT
72-104/37-56
58BP for NEONATE
67-84/35-53
59Hypotension in ADULTS/CHILDREN <10
< 90
60hypotension in CHILDREN 1-10
< 70 + (2 x their age)
61hypotension in INFANTS
< 60
62SAMPLE
signs & symptoms, allergies, medications, pertinent past history, last oral intake, events leading to injury
63OPQRST
onset, provocation/palliation/position, quality, radiation, severity, time