Quantitative Design Part 3

occurs when the participant’s involvement in the study affects the outcomes.

occurs when participants respond to the fact that they are participating in a study and not the actual intervention (wish to please the researcher).

___________ intervention leaders and participants provides strong protection: if they do not know whether they are providing or receiving the intervention, it is more difficult to introduce a bias.

Equal attention to groups: ideally, an intervention study will have three groups:

how can you protect for experimenter and participant bias

________ and ________ threats involve the withdrawal or loss of participants during the course of the study.

how can you protect against attrition and mortality threats

is the extent to which the results of a study can be applied to other people and other situations (generalizability).

A study has more external validity when it reflects ______________

what are the threats to external validity

any difference that exists between the population and the sample

how can you protect against sampling error

threats refer to the environment in which a study takes place and how closely it represents the real world: the treatment or method by which a study is administered, the time during which a study takes place, and where a study takes place are all important considerations.

how do you protect against ecological validity threats

When designing a study, the researcher must find a balance between _____ and ____validity.

Studies that are tightly controlled to maximize internal validity will have less

emphasizes internal validity and examines whether an intervention is effective under ideal conditions.

the study conditions are more reflective of real-world practice; however, the untidy nature of practice likely mean more threats to internal validity.

The 11-item scale includes one item that assesses external validity (Item #1), eight items that assess internal validity (Items #2–#9), and two items that assess the reporting of outcomes (Items #10 and #11).

For criteria #4 and #7–#11, key outcomes are those outcomes that provide the primary measure of the ______________ of the therapy.

what is the highest level of evidence of a single study