history finals

Known for their nomadic and sedentary communities. They were farmers, hunterers, and gatherers. Most known for Bison. [Arapaho, Assiniboine, Blackfoot, Cheyenne]

Known for being farmers, mainly for corn, squash, and beans. Hunterers and gatherers, and most known for longhouses. [Penobscot, Pequots, Mohegans, Narragansetts, Pocumtucks, and Wampanoag]

Known for being hunterers and fishers. As well as hunting with bows and arrows, they were most known for their complex fishing and systems. [Cherokee, Choctaw, Navajo]

Known for being hunterers and gatherers, they used their boats to hunt sea life such as whales, seals, and otters. Known for their major diet of salmon. [Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Kwakiutl, Chinook]

This European Empire began with overseas possessions and trading posts. In addition, they established colonies off the coast of America.

This European Empire took control in the Americas in Cananda and Louisiana. In addition, they were most known for their fur trade and trading posts.

This European Empire colonized the Americas by setting up New Netherlands, a colony within Albany, New York. In addition, they impacted the cultural landscape of the Hudson River Valley; its ethnic makeup, spoken languages, religious institutions, traditions, and architectural styles.

This European Empire is home to Columbus, voyager and discoverer of the New World. This Empire created missions and was known for their widespread death and depopulation to the native people of the Western Hemisphere.

In 1857, a small colony was founded on an island off the eastern coast of North America. Would be the first permanent English colony if settlers had not disappeared owing to unknown circumstances.

In 1607, English men and boys arrived in Virginia for this settlement, named after their King. The first settlement that became permanent in North America

In 1620, this colony became the second permanent English colony within America after Jamestown.

This colony was founded in the 17th Century off the east coast of North America. Established in 1628 and was a settlement and political unit.

A group of colonies in which Jamestown fell in. Known for location of the first permanent settlement in America.

A group of colonies in which the Colony of Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay Colony, and Plymouth Colony fell in.

A group of colonies in which the Colony of Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia fell in.

A group of colonies in which the Colony of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New York fell in.

A colony founded by William Penn, who had received the land through a grant from Charless II of England in 1681.

Founded in 1732, this Colony was one of the Southern colonies in British America and became the last of the thirteen original American colonies.

Founded in 1632, became a colony that joined the thirteen colonies in rebelion of Great Britain. Part of the southern colonies.

Founded in 1664, this colony was a proprietary and later royal colony on the northeast coast of North America. One of the original thirteen colonies.

Famous Explorer for the Spanish for his discovery of the New World of the Americas on board his ship Santa Maria.

Spanish historian and Dominican missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous people by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolotion of slavery there.

The economic idea that a country's wealth is measured by the amount of gold it owns.

Became the first document to establish a self-government in the New World. Remained active until 1691 when Plymouth Colony became a part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Companies that are owned by shareholders. This was a way for companies to amass large amounts of money by selling shares of their company.

Brought new crops to Europe from the Americas and stimulated European population growth. In addition, it was notorious for the introduction of disease into the Americas.

People who could not afford passage to the colonies could serve for a set length of time to be paid their passage for.

Paved a way for independence and the Constitution. Spoke about spiritual equality and encouraged colonists to think more about the need for democracy in both church and state.

In 1675, a series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanoags led by Metacom, a chief also known as King Philip.

Was a conflict between France and Great Britain that lasted from 1754 to 1763. Known for ending with the Treaty of Paris which provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America.

These thinkers questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change.

A labor system established by the Spanish in the 1500s which rewarded Spanish explorers, conquistadors, and military men with land in the New World. Not only land, but the people living on the land and their labour.

In 1680s, these natives rebelled against their Spanish overlords in the American Southwest where spaniards had dominated them, their lives, their land, and their souls for eight decades.

Acts of Parliament intended to promote the self-sufficiency of the British Empire by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported Goods. Occured within 1651 and 1660.

Acts of Parliament which prohibited the colonists from traveling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. British felt that this would prevent problems with Native Americans but colonists detested the restrictive law and broke it at will.

This was the forced voyage of enslaved Africans acorss the Atlantic Ocean to the New World.

Occuring in 1676, this was the last major uprising of enslaved blacks and white indentured servants in Colonial Virginia. A consequence of this failed rebellion was the intensification of Slavery and the separation of blacks and whites in Virginia.

Unofficial British policy of non-enforcement of trade regulations on their American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries. Allowed North American Colonies to be on their own without or little to no British interference.

American Founding Father, principal author of Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States.

American statesman, Founding Father, and the second President of the United States.

American military officer, Founding Father, and the first President of the United States.

America's fourth President, author of The Federalist Papers, and also referred as one of the "Fathers of the Constitution."

Colonists who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution.

This document is an everchanging list of amendments which guaranteed the rights of freedom from establishment of religion, freedom of religion, freedom of the press, association, protest, and freedom for the people to send their petitions to the government.

Enacted in 1764, it was made to strongly enforce tax on sugar, molasses, and other products imported into the American colonies from non-British Caribbean sources.

Enacted in 1764, it taxed newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets. broadsides, legal documents, and etc. Issued by the British, stamps were affixed to documents or etc. to show that a tax had been paid.

Written in 1776 by Thomas Paine, it called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England.

This was a series of eighty-five essays urging the citizens of New York to ratify the new United States Constitution.

This 1776 document included three major ideas: People have certain Inalienable Rights including Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness. All men are created equal. Individuals have a civic duty to defend these rights for themselves and others.

Happening in America within 1765 and 1791, it was mainly caused by the taxation acts, Boston Massacre, and the Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts. It was a war in which America won its independence from Britain.

Signed in 1783 between American colonies and Great Britain, it ended the American Revolution and formally recognized America as an independent nation.

Written in 1777, this was adopted by the Continental Congress and served as the United States' first constitution.

This compromise settled the method of representation in the legislative branch. Small states wanted equal representation and large states wanted representation based on population. So under this compromise, all states were represented equally in the Senate.

This compromise determined that three out of every five slaves were counted in determining a state's total population.

This was a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.

These were the people who backed the Constitution. They believed in a need for a more centalized, powerful government.

These were the people who wanted a weak central government and more power to the people and opposed the ratification of the Constitution.

This person's plan was to call the government to repay both federal and state debts. Wanted government to buy up all bonds issued by national and state government before 1789 and planned to issue new bonds to pay off old debts.

An American political party prefering strict interpretation of the constitution and emphasizing states' rights.

Wife and closest advisor of John Adams, as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams.

An uprising in western Massachusetts in opposition to high taxes and stringent economic conditions. People were not promised certain things after the war.

18th century term for an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States. Woman to raise strong and civilized young men.

Was a violent tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the presidency of George Washington. Uprising of farmers and distillers in Western Pennsylvania.

In Washington's letter, he warned of forces of geographical sectionalism, political factionalism, and interference by foreign powers in the nation's domestic affairs.

Laid out the process by which lands west of the Appalachian Mountains were to be surveyed and sold.

Under this ordinance, slavery was forever outlawed from the lands of the Northwest Territory, freedom of religion and other civil liberties were guaranteed.

Three agents of French Foreign Minister (labeled as X, Y, and Z) demanded bribe from American delegation. Some Americans called for war with the French as a result.

These laws raised the residency requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, authorized the president to deport "aliens," and permitted their arrest, imprisonment, and deportation during wartime.

Drafted in secret by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the resolutions condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional and claimed that because these acts overstepped federal authority under the Constitution, they were null and void.

The constitutional theory that individual states can invalidate federal laws or judicial decisions they deem unconstitutional.

An election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican leadership. Demonstrated transitition of political power without a breakdown in government, chaos, or even a civil war.

Political party that advocated a weaker national government in order to give citizens more power and freedom to excercise rights, as well as minimize government interference in the economy.

United States acquisition of 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million from France.

Mapped uncharted land, rivers, and mountains. They brought back journals filled with details about Native American tribes and scientific notes about plants and animals never seen before.

This was a war in which America supposedly "won." Fought between United States and Great Britain primarily over the impressment of American Sailors by the British Navy.

This person was a Senator, Speaker of the House, and secretary of state. In addition, this person helped guide a fragile Union through several critical impasses.

Created to control the currency of the United States. It's function brought it into frequent conflict with state and local banks, primarily in the South and West.

The major cause of the United States Civil War because it was integral to creating the Southern social life as well as shaping its political tendencies.

1801-1835, this time period increased federal power substantionally by declaring a state law unconstitutional. Also aided business by recognizing that business contracts were protected by the Contract Clause of the Constitution.

This legislation admitted Missouri as a slave state and introduced Maine as a non-slave state at the same time to help balance between slave and free states. It also outlawed slavery above the 36-30 latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory.

This "system" consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: tariff to protect and promote American Industry, national bank to foster commerce, and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other internal improvements. Introduced by Henry Clay.

This was the moderation or abstention in the use of alcohol. It gained many supporters in the early 1800s. Became a powerful socail and political force that grew out from the Second Great Awakening.

Populist President of America. The 7th President America notorious for strict belief in federal governemnt supremacy.

Political group led by John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster who believed the government power should be excercised to improve America culturally and economically.

Fundamental transformation of the United States economy throughout the first half of the 19th century due to widespread mechanization of industry and the expansion and integration of various economic markets both domestic and foreign.

Attempted to define gender roles in the 19th century by limiting women to a domestic sphere. Served as an ideal to which middle and upper-class women could aspire and a means of class distinction

Taking place in New York in 1848, it heavily influenced ideas of the role of women in church and society. The Convention issued the Declaration of Sentiments, modeled on the Declaration of Independence, which demanded for full equality for women in American law, church, and society.

Best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. The doctrine, delivered by James Monroe, warned European natiosn that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.

This was a religious revival that took place after the American Revolution between 1790 and 1840 in an effort to restore a simpler form of Christianity. This religious movement was felt nationwide and consisted of small and large gatherings alike.

Philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830s and 1840s in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and that there is no need for organized churches.

This was an artistic and intellectual movement originating from Europe in the late 18th Century and was characterized by its heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and etc.

The belief that America had the "God-given" right to expand from sea to shining sea.

Fought in 1835 to 1836, this was a war that resulted in Texas's independence from Mexico and the founding of the Republic of Texas.

Location of a battle during the Texas Revolution that occured in 1836 in San Antonio, Texas. It ended in a decisive victory for Mexican forces over Texan volunteers.

This was a group of multiple conflicts between American settlers or the U.S. Govt. and the native peoples of North America from the time of the earliest colonial settlement until 1890.

In 1848, Mexico gave America all Mexican territory from Texas to California that was north of the Rio Grande.

The political policy of promoting or protecting the interests of native or indigenous inhabitants over those of immigrants.

These were the immigrants from northern and wester Europe, often Protestants, who came to the United States earlier in the nineteeth century and often settled in rural areas.

13th President of the United States, he was a Dark-Horse who ended the Mexican War and garnered the land during the Mexican cession.

War stemming from the annexation of the Republic of Texas and disputes over the Rio Grande. Resulted in American Victory and new lands for the victorious side.

This was a revolt of American settlers in California who oposed Mexican rule. In addition, this revolt was one of the sparks that led to the Mexican-American War.

This was a provision that stated the banning of slavery in any territory won from Mexico.

Signed in 1848, this treaty allowed the U.S. to purchase California, Arizona, Texas, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado for fifteen million dollars from Mexico, doubling the size of the United States.

This was a train route across the United States which was finished in 1869 and was a project of two railroad companies: the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific, building from the east and the west, respectively.

This was a system that allotted lands with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887.

Compromise that consisted of five laws passed in 1850 that dealt with the issue of slavery and territorial expansion.

This act required state governments to cooperate in the capture of escaped slaves. It made the hunting down of escaped slaves, even in free states, fully legal. Represented a huge blow to abolitionists and their efforts.

A series of seven debates where Lincoln and Douglas argued issues such as popular sovereignty, Lecompton Constitution, and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln's positions ultimately helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election.

Issued by Abraham Lincoln, it announced that "alll persons held as slaves" within the rebellious areas "are, and henceforward shall be free."

This amendment granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on accoutn of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Movement designed to assimilate people of wide ranging cultures into the dominate culture. A social movement sponsored by the government and concerned citizens.

This amendment prohibited all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate States were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union.

16th President of the United states, he ended slavery, waged a political struggle and civil war that preserved the Union, and created the possibility of civil and social freedom for African-Americans.

These were rights owned by the states rather than the federal government. Supported by anti-federalists and secured within the Tenth Amendment, it was a political concept that the sovereignty of a nation is derived from its people.

This was the group of states that remained part of the United States after 11 southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861 forming the Confederacy.

The movement in opposition to slavery, often demanding immediate, uncompensated emancipation of all slaves. Generally considered radical, there were only a few adamant abolitionists prior to the Civil War.

This Supreme Court decision was issued in 1857 and declared that African Americans were not citizens of the United States and could not sue in Federal courts.

These were radicals known for their opposition to slavery and for their efforts to ensure emancipation and civil rights for Blacks and their strong opinions on post-war Reconstruction.

Notion that the seovereign people of a given territory should decide for themselves whether to allow slavery or to not allow slavery.

This act repealed the Missouri Compromise, creating two new territories and allowing for popular sovereignty which in turned produced a violent uprising known as "Bleeding Kansas," as proslavery and antislavery activists flooded into the territories to sway the vote.

War fought between the United States of America and the Confederate States of America, a collection of eleven southern states that left the Union. This conflict began primarily as a result of the long-standing disagreement over the institution of slavery.

This was a group formed by seven states that seceded from the Union, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

Agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop.

The Period after the Civil War in which Northern political leaders created plans for the governance of the South and a procedure for former Southern states to rejoin the Union.

17th President of the United States, he was a Southern Democrat who became president after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.

Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and were based on the quality of local administrators.

These were laws that attempted to economically disable freed slaves, forcing African Americans to continue to work on plantations and to remain subject to racial hierarchy within the southern society.

White supremacist terrorist group that emerged during reconstruction. They conducted a reign of terror throughout the South and were determined to take violent steps in order to undermine the Republican party.

This Amendment granted African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the laws, citizenship.

This compromise was an informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election and had resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, formally ending the Reconstruction Era.

In this Supreme Court decision, they ruled in this person's citizenship as it could not be taken away according to the 14th amendment which stated that those born on American soil were American citizens.

This was an immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese, gained admission the U.S. at the San Francisco Bay.

This act prohibited the immigration of Chinese Laborers and was the first law implemented and enforced to prevent all members of a specific ethnic or national group from immigrating.

This agreement between Japan and the United States restricted the inflow of Japanese immigrants in exchange for desegregating San Francisco's public schools.

This was a new vision in the south that promoted for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation.

These laws were racial segregation laws enacted after the Reconstruction period in Southern United States. These laws mandated the segregation of public schools, places, and public transporation.

An argument advanced by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that theorized that the availability of unsettled land throughout much of American history was the most important factor determining national development.

This was an influx of thousands of miners to Northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848 had spread around the world by the end of that year. The onslaught of migrants prompted California to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849.

This 1862 act gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property. This policy led to a rapid development of the American West after the Civil War.

This person was an American poet and writer who became an activist on behalf of improved treatment of Native americans by the U.S. government.

This massacre was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States. This massacre was the climax of the U.S. Army's late 19th century efforts to repress the Plains Indians.

This act in 1887 outlawed the tribal ownership of land and forced 160-acre homesteads into the hands of individual indians and their families with the promise of future citizenship. The goal was to assimilate Native Americans into white culture as quickly as possible.

Opened in the 1879, its mission for nearly 30 years was to "kill the Indian" and to "Save the Man." This philosophy meant administrators forced sutdents to speak English, wear Anglo-American clothing, and act according to U.S. values and culture.

American educator who built Tuskegee and cultivated the spread of vocational schools and colleges for African Americans across the South. This work gained him widespread attention, and Washington was recognized as one of the country's primary advocates for racial equality.

This person was the most important black protest leader in the U.S. during the firs thalf of the 20th Century. Sharing the creation of NAACP, he challenged the established system of education that restricted the advancement of African Americans.

Prominent journalist and activists, she in the late 19th and early 20th century, battled sexism, racism, and violence. She shed light on the conditions of African Americans throughout the South.

In 1896, this was a United States Supreme Court case that established the precedent of "seperate but equal" and provided the legal justification for the expansion of segregation in America.

Populism was a social and political movement of the people and began under the economic hardship that was being felt by American farmers during and after the Civil War.