EARTH SCI

• consists of 78.1% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 350 ppm carbon dioxides, and other components

• The presence of oxygen and carbon dioxide

used by photosynthetic organisms, such as plants and algae, to convert the energy from the sun to usable energy through the process of photosynthesis.

makes it livable for living organisms including humans for respiration and for our cells to function.

protects us from the sun’s radiation

composed of three oxygen atoms

In the stratosphere, THIS is abundant in the form of the ozone layer

absorbs the ultraviolet wavelengths, and the absorption of this radiation heats up the air.

mixture of minerals, water, air, organic matter, and organisms. It is a living medium—a medium for growth of all kinds of vegetation.

promotes growth for plants by providing nutrients, water, and as a substrate for anchorage of roots

produces trees and forests cover, ensures the water and nutrient cycle, and prevents soil and wind erosion.

• The soil promotes growth for plants by providing nutrients, water, and as a substrate for anchorage of roots. In return, vegetation produces trees and forests cover, ensures the water and nutrient cycle, and prevents soil and wind erosion

makes our planet livable

contains all the water on our planet including ice and vapor.

• Nearly three-quarters of the earth’s surface

houses many species of marine life and diverse mineral resources

They also serve as thermostat and heat reservoir. They also serve as ways for transportation

ATMOSPHERE
GEOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
BIOSPHERE

called the “spheres of the Earth.”

ATMOSPHERE COMES FROM THE GREEK WORDS WHAT

1. TROPOSPHERE
2. STRATOSPHERE
3. MESOSPHERE
4. THERMOSPHERE
5. EXOSPHERE

- extends to about 14.5 km above the Earth's surface.

The ozone layer that protects the Earth from the Sun's harmful UV radiation is found in this layer

It is the lowest layer where the weather forms.

extends from 50 to 85 km above the Earth's surface.

It protects the Earth from the impact of space debris.

- found 85 to 600 km above the Earth's surface.

It has charged particles that are affected by the Earth's magnetic field. The particles create the Auroras or Northern and Southern lights.

- is the farthest layer.

It extends to about 10 000 km above the Earth's surface.

GEOSPHERE GREEK WORD

includes all the soil, rocks, and minerals present in the crust to the core of the Earth.

CRUST
MANTLE
CORE

- the outermost layer of the geosphere.

WHAT DOES CRUST MADE MOSTLY OF

two different types of crust

lies beneath the oceanic floors is about 5 to 10 km thick.

makes up the continents is about 15 to 70 km thick.

LIES JUST BELOW THE CRUST

made mostly of silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron.

about 2900 km thick.

has increasing temperatures at increasing depths.

the layer with the lowest temperature is the one

- the layer with the highest temperature is found in contact with

This layer, which is soft enough to flow, causes the plates of the crust to move.

has a radius of 3400 km

innermost layer of the Earth.

CORE IS MADE UP OF WHAT

the source of internal heat because it contains radioactive materials that release energy as they decay into more stable substances.

HYDROSPHERE GREEK WORD

composed of all the water on Earth in any form: water vapor, liquid water, and ice.

It is comprised of 97.5% saltwater and 2.5% freshwater. It includes all bodies of water such as oceans, lakes, rivers, and marshes. Clouds and rain TOO

on Earth is constantly moving. It moves through the oceans in currents. It can also move from the Earth’s surface to the air by evaporation and then fall back to Earth as precipitation. It even moves into and out of the bodies of organisms

EARTH COMPOSES OF

BIOSPHERE GREEK WORD

comprised of all living things. It includes all microbes, plants, and animals.

- It extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere where insects and birds can be found. It also reaches the deep parts of the oceans where marine organisms can still survive.

- Organisms interact with the other spheres to survive. Many organisms need oxygen and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to carry out life processes. Water, which comprises the hydrosphere, is also important to organisms. Finally, the rocks, soil, and minerals constitute the geosphere also support life.

soil which can be considered as a part of hydrosphere, geosphere, and even biosphere. Since the soil is a complex material made up of air, soil particles, water, and organisms, it underscores that a clear division among subsystems cannot be drawn.

makes up the land surface of the Earth and is composed primarily of dense materials such as granite.

5–10 km and is made up of basalt which is less dense than granite.

can be broken down into plates which produce earthquakes when they move along each other.

• formed at divergent boundaries, where plates move away from each other;

formed at subduction zones where plates collide with each other or at convergent boundaries.

• When blocks of rock are bent upwards, they form

formed when blocks of rock bend downwards.

slightly bent rock from the parallel undeformed layers forms

• involves a horizontal movement of blocks of rock and is caused by shear stress.

wherein the hanging wall moves upward, is formed by compressional stress.

caused by tensional stress it is characterized by the hanging wall moving downward with respect to the footwall.

the one below the fault plane

the block of rock that rests on the fault plane

• involve the vertical movement of the blocks of rock.

a break in the rock where there is considerable movement on the fracture surface

a break where there is no considerable movement.

causes rocks to be squeezed to each other.

pulls rocks apart and shear stress causes rocks to slide opposite each other.

the plates move or collide to each other.

When the plates move away from each other

when plates slide past each other.

cause rocks to be deformed due to compressional stress at convergent boundaries, tensional stress at divergent boundaries, or shear stress at transform boundaries. Due to these stresses, rocks experience changes in volume and shape.

• The Earth’s crust is divided into plates, known as

• happens when the topsoil is removed and leaves the soil infertile. This is caused by wind or flood in an area.

• happens when the ice moves downhill and plucks out chunks of rocks and causes scraping between the ice and the rock.
• Plucking and scraping can lead to the development of other landforms if, for example, the glaciers hit a mountain and erode it.

• happens when light materials, such as small rocks and pebbles, are carried by wind to different places.

• a type of erosion where the water carries the sediments to different parts of the bodies of water such as rivers.

• is the transportation of weathered rocks.
• Agents like running water or rivers, wind, gravity, groundwater, wave currents, and glaciers contribute to erosion.

• a process when living things, such as insects and roots of the trees, contribute to the disintegration of rock materials.

a process wherein rock materials are changed into other substances that have different physical and chemical compositions.

• According to the Continental Drift Theory proposed by Alfred Wegener, the Earth was once a giant landmass called

• Shaping the Earth’s surface involves a geological process called . Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces called sediments

• is a process wherein rocks are broken down into smaller pieces without changing its chemical composition due to different temperatures and water.

• refers to the temperature at which solid turns into liquid.
• Minerals composed of atoms that are tightly bonded within the crystal structure have high melting points.

• refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a specified temperature

• the color of the mineral in its powdered form.

• the relative differences in the opacity and transparency of a mineral as light is reflected on its surface.
• This describes the 'sparkles' of the mineral surfaces.

• the ratio of the weight of the mineral to the weight of the water with an equal volume.

• the measure of the resistance of a surface to abrasions or scratches.
• It is generally measured using Mohs Scale of Hardness.

• the tendency of the mineral to be split or broken along flat surfaces.

• refers to the texture or shape of the mineral’s surface when the mineral breaks into forms other than flat surfaces.

• refers to the behavior of the mineral under deformation or stress such as cutting, crushing, bending, or hitting.

• refers to the growth crystal pattern of a mineral as single or aggregated.

• the activity or the motion of the magma.
• Rocks that are subjected to high temperature and pressure melt and become the magma.

a semi-liquid molten rock mixture that can be found in the lower portion of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.

are igneous rocks formed underneath the earth. They are coarse-grained due to the slow cooling of magma allowing crystal growth.

are igneous rocks formed on the surface of the earth. They are cooled lava, which are molten rocks ejected on the surface through volcanic eruptions. They are fine-grained due to abrupt cooling on the surface.

• are made up of sediments from preexisting rocks. When pre-existing rocks are physically weathered, and eroded, they form sediments.

are lithified accumulation of dead organisms.

are from chemical precipitation. An example is rock salt formed when dissolved salts precipitate from a solution.

• have layered or banded appearance produced by exposure to high temperatures and pressures.

• do not have a layered appearance.

• the laying down of sediments to its depositional environment or destination.