1philo & sophia ; to love & wisdom
• The term Philosophy came from two Greek words _ and _ which means “__” and “__”, respectively.
2PHILOSOPHY
means the love of reasoning making wisdom its primary goal.
3PHILOSOPHY
is defined as the science that by the natural light of reason studies the highest principles of things.
4PHILOSOPHY
• Why do you do what you do,
• Why do you think what you think,
• Why do you feel what you feel.
• in simple words is a way of thinking about the world, the universe, and society.
5nature of human thought, the nature of the universe, and thE connections between them.
It works by asking very basic questions about the nature of ___
6GENERAL AND ABSTRACT
• The ideas in philosophy are often
7HOLISTIC THINKING
• refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems.
8HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE
perspective requires an individual to have an open mindset and ability to get the general sense or impression regarding a situation.
9PARTIAL THINKING
• focuses on specific aspects of a situation.
10PARTIAL VIEW
is an important component of analytical thinking,
11PARTIAL THINKING
• an individual focuses on certain areas or aspects of a problem in order to understand it
121. PHILISOPHY IS SCIENCE
IT EMPLOYS NATURAL LIGHT OF REASON
PHILOSOPHY HAS AN INCLINATION TO STUDY ALL THINGS
PHILOSOPHY EMPLOYS FIRST CAUSE OR HIGHEST PRINCIPLE
SALIENT FEATURES OF PHILOSOPHY
13PHILOSOPHY IS SCIENCE
• It is called as such because it is systematic and follows certain steps or procedures.
14PHILOSOPHY IS SICENCE
(FEATURE) it is an organized body of knowledge same as any other sciences.
15B. IT EMPLOYS NATURAL LIGHT OF REASON
• This means that philosophical investigation does not use any laboratory instrument, investigative tools nor supernatural approach.
16natural thinking capacity or use the so-called unaided reason.
• Philosophers use their __
17IT EMPLOYS NATURAL LIGHT OF REASON
• Philosophers use their natural thinking capacity or use the so-called unaided reason.
18PHILOSOPHY HAS AN INCLINATION TO STUDY ALL THINGS
• Philosophy may deal with human beings, society, and plants among others.
• It is this character that Philosophy is considered multidimensional or holistic.
19multidimensional or holistic
• It is this character that Philosophy is considered ___. (PHILOSOPHY HAS AN INCLINATION TO STUDY ALL THINGS)
20PHILOSOPHY EMPLOYS FIRST CAUSE OR HIGHEST PRINCIPLE
• By using the aforementioned philosophical concepts will enable one’s argumentation more valid, reliable and strong. Thus, doing philosophy becomes more easy and intelligible.
21PRINCIPLE OF IDENTITY
PRINCIPLE OF NON-CONTRADICTION
PRINCIPLE OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE
PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON
PRINCIPLES OF PHILOSOPHY
221. PRINCIPLE OF IDENTITY
• this principle means “everything is what it is”
23PRINCIPLE OF NON-CONTRADICTION
• This principle states that it is an impossibility for a particular thing to be and not to be at the same time at the same respect.
243. PRINCIPLE OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE
• This principle explains that everything must be “either be or not be” or “either is or is not”. -- NO MIDDLE GROUND
254. PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON
• This principle states that there is sufficient reason for the being and existence of everything.
• Conversely, nothing exists without any reason at all.
26appropriate concepts ; clear, valid, reliable, and strong.
• Doing philosophy requires the use of a___ so as to make one’s statements ___
27Philosophical concepts
• give form to the thoughts that we have in mind.
28abstract ; abstractions
• The thoughts that we have in our minds remain ___ unless we use certain concepts to translate these ____.
29• Metaphysics, Ethics,Epistemology, Logic, and Aesthetics.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
30METAPHYSICAL PHILOSOPHY
accounts for investigating the unreal entities in terms of the real world that we experience through our senses.
31PLATO
• enlightened the field of metaphysics by contrasting reality and appearance.
• He stated that our experience with the real world is not real. Reality according to him is how we perceive the world
321. METAPHYSICS
• Accounts for the unreal thing in terms of what accepted as real
331. METAPHYSICS
• Discourses focus on the unobservable entities like mind and matter.
34PLATO
PHILOSOPHER OF METAPHYSICS
35METAPHYSICS
SAMPLE STATEMENTS:
• All terrestrial objects are made up of matter
• Objects like chair only becomes real when we think about it as it is.
362. EPISTEMOLOGY
• philosophical perspective concerns itself with the nature, sources, limitations and validity of knowledge.
37EPISTEMOLOGY
how do we know what we know, how do we know what we want to know and do we distinguish true from what is not true.
38EPISTEMOLOGY
• Knowledge, according to this perspective, can be acquired through induction (empiricism) and deduction
392. EPISTEMOLOGY
• Theory of knowledge
40• rene descartes
• john locke
• william james
• john dewey
PHILOSOPHERS OF EPISTEMOLOGY
41ETHICS
• as another branch of Philosophy deals with the evaluation of human actions and the nature of moral virtue.
423. ETHICS
accounts for the nature of our moral judgements and it also attempts to investigate our fundamental ethical ideas.
433. ETHICS
• From these contentions arise the idea of right versus wrong and evil versus good.
44ETHICAL PHILOSOPHY
• Discourses like feminism (equal opportunities among genders) and law-making
45• Socrates
pointed out that knowledge is not merely theoretical nor speculative but also practical.
46ETHICS
• Rightness or wrongnes sof an action
47ETHICS
• Explores the nature of moral values and evaluates human action
• Knowledge is not only theoretical nor speculative but also practical.
48• Socrates
• Edward burghardt du bois
ETHICS PHILOSOPHERS
49LOGIC
• It only serves as tool to guide one’s arguments or discourses so as to keep them valid and true.
50LOGIC
• Guide of correct reasoning – determines bad and good argument
51ARISTOTLE
was the first philosopher who employed logical method.
52LOGIC
• Serves as tool in making valid arguments
• Does not directly contribute to knowledge but focuses more on the method how knowledge is created.
53• Aristotle
• Zeno of citium
• Cicero
LOGIC PHILOSOPHERS
54AESTHETICS
• concerns itself with the notion of beauty. accounts for the criteria of beauty.
55AESTHETICAL PHILOSOPHY
can be used to explain matters regarding culture and arts. It is in these fields where beauty can best be explained
56AESTHETICS
• Deals with the establishment of criteria of beauty
• Gives importance to culture and arts for ther manifest social behavior
57• Schopenhauer
• Hans-georg gadamer
PHILOSOPHERS OF AESTHETICS
58AESTHETICS
SAMPLE:
• A work of art is like a great man. Stand before it. Wait patiently and it will speak.
59AXIOLOGY
value questions
e.g. ''anong importance ng mga bagay na yun?''
''how or why is it meaningful to talk about?’’
Bakit sya mahalagang pag-usapan
60PHILOSOPHY
is the handmaid of theology.
61EPISTEMOLOGY
is a science devoted to the discovery of the proper method of acquiring and validating knowledge” (Rand 1990).
62• The purpose of epistemology therefore is two-fold:
1. To show how we can acquire knowledge.
2. To give us a method of demonstrating whether the knowledge we acquired is really knowledge (i.e., true). (validating knowledge)
EPISTEMOLOGY
63 Ayn Rand
• According to__, knowledge is a “mental grasp of reality reached either by perceptual observation or by a process of reason based on perceptual observation”
64SENSES ; empiricism
1. First, we can acquire knowledge using our ____: seeing, hearing, tasting, feeling, and smelling.
- This method of acquiring knowledge is called ____ and it has many adherents in the history of philosophy such as John Locke, George Berkley, and David Hume.
65rational faculty
2. we can acquire knowledge by thinking with the use of our minds
- (what philosophers call the ____). This is what ____ advocates. (Some well-known __ in history are Rene Descartes, Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz)
66RATIONALISM
we can acquire knowledge by thinking with the use of our minds
67REALITY
PERCEPTION
CONCEPT
PROPOSITION
INFERENCE
STEPS IN ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE
68REALITY
• To know is to know something. This “something” is what philosophers call reality, existence, and being. Let us employ the term existence.
69PERCEPTION
Our first and only contact with reality is through our senses. Knowledge begins with perceptual knowledge
70CONCEPT
- After we perceive things, we noticed that some of the things we perceive are similar to other things.
71concept
- As we move further from the perceptual base knowledge becomes more abstract and as we move closer to the perceptual level knowledge becomes more concrete.
72proposition
- A statement that expresses either an assertion or a denial that an existent belongs to a class or possess a certain attribute.
73PROPOSITION
- Reasons on agreeing or disagreeing
74INFERENCE
- An argument expresses a reasoning process which logicians call ____ (Hurley 2011)
- Giving an argument or reasoning to a statement
75INFERENCE
PROPOSITION
CONCEPT
PERCEPTION
REALITY
STEPS IN VALIDATING KNOWLEDGE
76 first step
• The__ in validating one’s knowledge is to ask oneself the following question: “How did I arrive at this belief, by what steps?” (Binswanger 2014).
77reduction
• If we perform the process of __ we will realized that all true knowledge rest ultimately on sense perception.
78senses
• “A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s ___” (Abella 2016).
791. A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses.
2. A belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.
3. Getting a consensus or having people agree on a common belief.
4. A statement should be proven through an action to determine its truth.
5. Claims and beliefs should be subjected to tests to determine truth.
LIST THE NATURE OF TRUTH
80TRUTH
• Is knowledge validated and when we say validated we mean they are based on the facts of reality.
81facts
• You must understand that the ___ of reality are independent of your thoughts, feelings or preferences.
82opinion
1. Based on emotions
2. Open to interpretation
3. Cannot be confirmed
4. Inherently biased
83EMPIRICISTS
Philosophers who believed that knowledge is based on sense perception.
84truth
1. Based on the facts of reality
2. Can be confirmed with other sources
3. Independent of one’s interpretation, preferences and biases
851. The Correspondence theory of Truth:
• what we believe or say is true if it corresponds to the way things actually are based on the facts.
861. The Correspondence theory of Truth
It argues that an idea that correspond with reality is true while an idea, which does not correspond to reality is false.
• Kailangan mong I-prove by facts or reality para ang isang bagay ay maging truth
87 Problem : negative fact
1. The Correspondence theory of Truth -- PROBLEM•
882. The Coherence Theory of Truth:
• it assumes that a belief is true when we are able to confirm it with reality.
• In other words, by simply checking if the statement or belief agrees with the way things really are, we can know the truth
89• Problem: Not all that cohere is reality
2. The Coherence Theory of Truth: PROBLEM
903. The Pragmatic Theory of Truth:
• it states that a belief/statement is true if it has a useful (pragmatic) application in the world. If it does not, then it is not true.
91• Problem : papaniwaalan ng papaniwalaan ang mga bagay dahil lang useful
The Pragmatic Theory of Truth: PROBLEM
92theory of truth
In sum, we can know if statements or beliefs are true if we look at each statement belief and determine if they correspond to facts, cohere with the rules of the system, and result in useful application.
93FALLACY
● an argument that relies upon faulty reasoning.
● may mali sa argument.
94FORMAL FALLACY
- a common pattern of mistakes present in a deductive argument, which shows contradictions, implausible, and invalidated information either in the premise or conclusion.
95INFORMAL FALLACY
- refers to the misconceptions and confusion in the information provided due to the language used.
- language.
96FORMAL FALLACY
INFORMAL FALLACY
KINDS OF FALLACY
97homo & man
- ‘’hominem’’ came from latin word ‘’___’’ which means ‘__’.
981. argumentum ad hominem (attacking the person)
- this fallacy occurs when instead of addressing someone’s argument or position, you irrelevantly attack the person or some aspect of the person who is making the argument.
991. argumentum ad hominem (attacking the person)
- an attack on the person proposing an argument rather than on the argument itself.
100specter or stick’
- ‘’baculum’’ is a latin word which means ____’, ___ is a symbol of authority.
1012. argumentum ad baculum (appeal to force)
- this argument says that something bad will happen if the audience doesn’t agree.
102’misericordia’’ ; pity or compassion
- ‘’misercordiam’’ came from latin word ‘’___’’ which means ___.
1033. argumentum ad misericordiam (appeal to pity)
- an argument which the person uses emotion such as pity to convince someone.
104people
’populum’’ is the latin word for ‘’__’’.
1054. argumentum ad populum (appeal to people) or bandwagon fallacy
- the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it.
1065. argumentum ad tradition (appeal to tradition)
- trying to get someone to accept something because it has been done or believed for a long time.
1076. circular reasoning or begging the question (unsupported assertion)
- an argument in which, instead of applying evidence, simply just restates the point in other language.
1086. circular reasoning or begging the question (unsupported assertion)
- it is when a premise in an argument assumes the conclusion to be correct
- a logical fallacy in which a statement is assumed to be true without evidence other than the statement itself.
1097. false cause (coincidence vs. causality)
- the assumption that because one event follows another, the first is the cause of the second.
- cause and effect.
- citing a false or remote cause to explain a situation.
1108. non sequitur (does not follow)
- a conclusion that does not follow logically from preceding statements or that is based on irrelevant data.
- e.g. ‘’mary loves children, so she will make an excellent teacher’’
1119. false analogy
- the assumption that because two things are alike in some respects, they are alike in others.
- e.g. ‘’using a computer without training is like driving a car without a license.’’
112RED HERRING
- an attempt to mislead or distract from the relevant topic.
113FALSE DICHOTOMY
- a formal fallacy based on an ‘’either-or’’ type of argument.
- two choices are presented, when more might exist, and the claim is made that one is false and one is true - or one is acceptable and the other is not.
- often, there are other alternatives that haven’t been considered, or both choices might be true or false.
114FALSE DICHOTOMY
- e.g. ‘’i can’t find my phone,it was either stolen or i never had it’’
115STRAW MAN
- an argument that ignores the actual reasoning, and substitutes it with a distorted version.
116FALLACY OF COMPOSITION
- infers that if something is true of a part, it is true of a whole.
- e.g. ‘’the components of this car are light and easy to carry, then the car itself must also be light and easy to carry.’’
117FALLACY OF DIVISION
- infers that if something is true of the whole, it is also true on its parts.
- e.g. ‘’your family is smart, therefore you are smart.’’