Semester 1 EURO

An emphasis on studying Greek and Latin works became apparent during the renaissance

The idea that a perfect person should be good at many different things

The focus on an individual's accomplishments and talents

Separate from religious ideas; not influenced by religion

becoming more urban and less rural

A) Showed people what made the ideal courtier worthy of an important leader.

B) Showed that people had to be good at multiple things to be in power+ideas came from the Greeks (humanism), told people that you had to be different to be in power (individualism). Shows both important traits of the Renaissance!!

A) Family of bankers got into power in Florence because they had all the money. Extremely wealthy and corrupt.

B) Laid the foundation for the Italian Renaissance; innovations in banking, art. Civic humanism emerged in Florence.

A) Considered the “father of humanism.” Fascinated with the classics and created the term “dark ages.” Inspired by Latin writer Cicero who documented the fall of the Roman republic (Letters of Cicero)

B) Important because he inspired other humanists to follow his path

-A Letter to Posterity: An autobiographical account of Petrarch’s accomplishments, says he wishes to be remembered as a scholar. Good example of INDIVIDUALISTIC work.

-Laura Love Sonnets: Poem about Petrarch’s love for a woman. Expressed Renaissance ideas by using literary techniques and techniques of different humanities which were derived from classical Greek and Roman

A) _____ was an Italian poet. The divine comedy describes a journey through hell to paradise.
B) Important because it was secular, written in native tongue not latin (vernacular) so that everyone could read it, not just intellectuals.

A) Female painter

B) Was raped and the rapist was not convicted because society was biased against women. She documented her story through painting and stood up to the abuse of women.

A) A guide for modern rulers on how to be successful. Said leaders must make sacrifices to appeal to the people. Says leaders must learn from the past to make good decisions. Directed towards the Medicis.
B) Strongly associated with civic humanism.

Similarities between Italian and Northern Renaissance

Differences between Italian and Northern Renaissance

A) A fictional book describing things he saw during his travels in Asia. Includes fantastical animals and people

B) Got Europeans interested and excited about the world outside of Europe, inspired exploration

A) Ottoman Turks control all the trade, they have Silk, horses, Spices, plants, ivory, gold, etc. Europeans want spices. Europeans need to bypass Asia to get to the Ottoman Turks

B) Prestor John was a white, Christian, Male, who was a prince that lived in Africa and he had a big army, however he does not exist. A Motivation of exploration for the Europeans as they needed him to win the crusades against the Muslims.

A) Produced in 1400, considered the most accurate map of the time period

B) Technological advantage which allowed for exploration

A) Sailed West to Philippines, and opens up the Philippines as a base for trade

B) Spain becomes the greatest power in Europe

A) 1492 Journal- These people are very unskilled in arms.. With 50 men they could all be subjected and made to do all that one wished

B)Allowed Conquistadors to gain confidence take control of North America

A) Wealthy Spanish men who sought glory. Sailed to the new world to conquer and become rich.

B) Led to the decimation of native populations

A) 1494, Spain and Portugal divide the unexplored world between themselves

B) Important because countries claimed land that wasn’t theirs, shows disregard for the natives.

A) _____ landed in Mexico and was at first welcomed by the Aztec ruler because ______ and his men were seen as gods. However, ______ decided to crush the Aztecs and their forces were decimated by smallpox. ______ declared the former Aztec empire “New Spain.”

B) Important because native population was destroyed; disregard for the people, showed cruelty of explorers.

A) Brought in foreign foods such as potatoes, corn, and pineapple and other exotic foods and livestock.

B) Long term consequences include the Disease that was brought on by the Old world (70-90%), and the 1845 potato famine, in which 1-1.5 million Europeans starved.

A) Government Funding allowed the Dutch East India government to establish in 1602 in the Cape of Good Hope in southern Africa, which eventually became a permanent colony

B) The most successful demonstration of Mercantilism

A) Guns, textiles and wine were shipped from Europe to Africa, Slaves were shipped from Africa to America, and sugar and coffee was shipped from America to Europe

B) Allowed for a fast spread of slavery into the new World– 12 million Africans were captured and sent to the new world

A) _____ ___________ was major inflation in the 16th century, which helped the growth of capitalism

B) Wages did not grow with the economy, so farmers standard of living decreased. Landlords and Commercial/Industrial entrepreneurs benefited. Governments began to borrow money from banks, and heavily tax their subjects

A) A spanish priest who later became a Dominican priest

B) Wrote the Black Legend, critisized the Spainsh Treatment of slaves, which he described as horrific and compared the slaughter to wolves and sheep

A) The idea to make more profit importing than exporting goods

B) New Economic policy, expanded trade and helped European countries grow

A) Two catholic bishops, one in Avignon (France) and one in Rome both claimed to be the pope

B) The rival claims damaged the prestige, authority and legitimacy of the Church.

A) Englishman; professor of theology. Critical of church

B) hated all corruption

C) ideas spread to northern Europe

D) Followers were Lollards

E) Used "anti-christ" often

A) picked up Wycliffe's ideas

B) invited by Sigismundd to "come + be heard" at council of constance but was convicted of heresy & burned at stake

A) "in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king"

B) Dutch, holyman, writer

C) wanted church to reform itself

D) reconcile classical ethics w/chirstian ethics

E) "erasmus laid the egg that luther hatched"

F) edited Greek Translations

A) A machine to print books much faster than handwriting

B) Allowed for the spread of protestant ideas during the reformation, as well as scientific/humanist writings.

A) "every man is his own priest"

B) believed faith alone would bring salvation

C) created german translations of bible + basically denounces

D) doesn't believe in indulgences + celibacy of church pope

E) excommunicated in 1521

F) comes back + creates new church

A) The idea that there was a mystical physical change between bread/wine and the body/ blood of christ

B) This idea is associated with the catholic church. Luther rejected ________________.

A) The idea the the representation of Christ with bread and wine is purely symbolic

B) Associated with Martin Luther

A) A gathering called by HRE Charles V, Luther was summoned and given a chance to renounce his ideas. Luther refused

B) As a result, the Edict of Worms was issued, declaring Luther a heretic and making it illegal to support his ideas

A) Ban Luther’s ideas in an attempt to slow the german protestant people

B) The revolt from the German peasants was dangerous and this was called to calm it

A) The idea created by Jean Calvin that God predetermined your life, you couldn’t do anything to change your fate.

B) Important because went against ideas of Catholic Church

A) Response to the Reformation; Catholic Church comes together to reform itself (Catholic Reformation)

B) Strengthens the power of the Papacy, wanted educated church officials

A) The _______ were a group of Catholics loyal to the pope. Ignatius was a former soldier turned into a “soldier of God.” Led the _______ who were missionaries trained as soldiers (tough and educated).

B) _______ were valuable weapons for Catholic church. Helped spread Christianity into Asia.

A) 3,000 Protestants were murdered in Paris at a wedding.

B) Important because it shows the tension between the religions

A) 3 Henrys go ham in Paris and Henry of Navarre ends up on top.

B) Inspires Kanye West to make a certain song with Jay Z?

A) After winning the war, Henry of Navarre becomes king of France and converts to Catholicism to appeal to the people

B) Good example of Machiavelli’s ideas, (do what will make you a popular leader)

A) Signed by Henry IV to legalize Protestantism in France and give Huguenots (French Protestants) rights in a Catholic majority France

B) Shows protestantism is being accepted, Henry’s attempts to create unity in France

A) Issued under Cardinal Richelieu (who hated the Huguenots), revoked Edict of Nantes, ordered destruction of protestant churches

B) Rising tension in France

A) This was the act that separated the English church from the Catholic church and gave Henry full power over things such as annulments(which is why he did it)

B) Led to more drastic actions by protestants later on

A) Said that anyone who didn’t say that Henry VIII had full power, or had ideas against the Act of Supremacy was guilty of treason.

B) Made it so that Henry had a much stronger hold on England, and made it easier to keep the English church separate from the catholic church

A) A book of scripture for the Church of England that everyone would follow, but was made very confusing so it would anger people since it somewhat could be seen to support both sides.

B) Solved political and religious problems which kept England away from a civil war

A) Using dark and light (lighting) to highlight certain things and evoke emotion

B) _______ style painting set the dark and light apart

A) Renaissance style art and changing it slightly, something is strange or not quite right

B) Dramatic emphasis, challenged and changed old forms of art

- cardinal

- Henry VIII lord chancelor

- fired because he couldn't annul Henry + Catherine's marriage

- English Holy Man

- wanted church to reform itself

- church should go off bible not pope scripture

- beheaded by Henry VIII because he woulnd't surrender allegiance to pope although he critized church

- created indulgences

- swiss
- influenced by Chirst. Hum. Erasmus + Moore

- no music, paintings, relics etc. in church

- communion was symbolic

- chopped up + burned

- righthand man to king

- dealt with politics

- sent people out to get possessions from monastaries + sells them to give king money + sells them to nobles so nobles are loyal to king

- king of england

- 6 diff wives to have male heir

- forms own church, Catholic w/out pope -- church of England

- scotsman

- clergyman + writer

- founder of Presb. in Scotland

- agrees with Luther on "faith alone = salvation"

- but believed in predestination

- Calvinism becomes presbyterianism

- Hugenouts are French Calvinists

- spanish princess, aunt of Charles V

- political marriage w/Hnery

- loved by people

- Divorced because only had daughter -- Mary

- peasants seek out Luther to beat princes; Luther picks princes because he needs their support and protection

- wittenberg

- by Luther

- inital spark for Protestant Reformation

- protests against clerical abuses

- by thomas moore

- criticized church through satire

- printing press

- humanist

- lived w/peasant family until 3

- father insisted he learned latin, Greek, and French music

- knew greek

- entered law school @13

- retreated to country @37 (done w/war of religion)

- invented essay

- a meeting to see if they could work together against Catholicism

- agreed on everything but communion

- secret affiar w/Hnery

- only has girl (Elizabeth 1)

- killed because she wanted Elizabeth to be legitimate for the throne

- "only true love" of Hnery VIII

- has Edward VI

- dies @ child birth

- clarifies transubstantiation

- reminds people of England that they still hold catholic beliefs

- true Prot.

- worshipeed privatley

- English 1st, religion was 2nd

- religion was personal choice

- people loved her

- daighter of Anne Boleyn

- highly disliked

- church/state are seperated

- biblical literalism

- adult baptism

- Dutch. anab -- Memosimons

- "Bloody Mary"

- married to Phillip II of Spain

- daughter of Henry VIII + Catherine

- could potentially re-establish ties w/pope - people don't want that

- try to replace Lady Jane Grey

- struggles to restore Catholicism

- kills hundreds of protestants

-Queen for 9 days

- appointed by protestant nobles

- executed

- accepts Lutheranism as religion

- "he who rules chooses the religion"

- individual prince of region chooses Catholisism or Lutheranism

A) Developed the _________ System which was a heliocentric model of the galaxy, which disproved the previous Catholic geocentric model, created by Aristotle

B) This disproved and discredited the Catholic Church (On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres described the universe as Heliocentric)

A) Proved objects fall at the same rate, wrote The Starry Messenger, in it he observed Jupiter’s moons and that the moon had mountains (with the help of his telescope)

B) Proved Aristotle wrong and discredited church. Church declares _______ a heretic in 1633

A) Used Brahae’s data
B) 3 major realizations: planets have elliptical orbits, planets move at different speeds, universe functions on MATH and not faith

A) Came up with the Law of Gravity and believed in the Law’s of nature”, and wrote his ideas in Principia. Tied together the ideas of Brahae, Galileo and Kelper; invented calculus and created “Newton’s Laws”

B) Disprove catholic church and new math view of the world

A) Said diseases were caused by chemical imbalances, and could be cured by chemicals

B) Advance towards modern medicine

A) Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body, which gave detailed diagrams of Human anatomy

B) Diagrams were based on dissections and autopsies, so fully accurate

A) Supporter of inductive reasoning (gather, then construct thesis)

B) Developed scientific method and said you had to use empirical evidence to back stuff up

A) Main idea was that nature it too big for man to conquer, it is too vast for humans

B) Was a woman who wrote numerous scientific books

Father of modern chemistry

A) A scientific academy created as a result of the Scientific Revolution

B) Paved the way for new scientists and spread and promoted ideas

Acted as the model/mentor for "solonnieres"

1) The enlightenment salon made 1 pm the social meal
2) regulated these dinners w/fixed days of the week

- Translated works of Adam Smith and Thomas Paine into French

- Husband wrote "On the Admission of Women to the Eights of Citizenship"

- Challenged Rosseau's position
- Born into poverty
- French revolution supporter
- Women were human beings and had same rights as them
- "Vindication of the Rights of Women" + argued for women education
- mother of Mary Shelly

- few were actual Philosophes
- Journalists, writers, professors, statesmen, economists, and political scientists
- used scientific methods to explain natural laws
- used natural laws to explain human behavior
- role of philosophes was to improve society

- French lawyer and writer
- apply scientific principles to political institutions and theory and focused on the law

- French
- fascinated by "everything in the natural world could be cataloged and described"
- gathered contributions from that of 150 people

- scotsman
- pioneering "social scientist"
- believed natural laws govern human behavior

- french
- physiocrat (economist focuses on a land theory of value)

- scotsman
- searched for natural laws governing econ. behavior
- laid out principles of econ. theory

- Italian criminologist and jurist
- Brought scientific reasoning into fiel od criminal justice reform
- wanted to end torture and capital punishment

- french
- writer, historian, deist
- advocated for religious tolerance
- twice exhiled from Paris and locked up in Bastille

- french philosopher
- wrote of the social contract we have in our government
- opposed idea of republic & opposed education of women

- french philosopher
- outspoken atheist
- believed in godless, materialistic universe

A) The idea that a supreme being exists but, he does not interfere with in the universe

B) Challenges the Catholic church idea of God

A) Still popular, but focus on dignity of Classical style

B) Good example Jacques-Louis David (The death of Socrates) someone help me

A) Says the role of Government is to support the people, promotes representation

B) written during the Glorious Revolution when Constitutionalism was beginning in England, promotes ideas of the Enlightenment

A) Written during the English Civil War, a time of violence and failing society in England. Says a monarchy works best and the people should sign a contract so that they can’t rise up against the king

B) Government is needed, but government restricts your rights