Consonants

- manner of articulation
- place of articulation
- voicing

- complete closure somewhere in the vocal tract, then air gets released
> bilabial
> alveolar
> velar

- articulators move very close together with audible friction in the air, hissing sound
> labiodental
> (inter)dental
> alveolar
> post-alveolar
> glottal

- plosive + fricative combination
- pronounced as single sound in the time it takes to pronounce a single consonant
- plosive released as fricative

- velum lowered so air exits via nose
- complete closure somewhere in the mouth
- production of resonant sound (vowel like) BUT full closure (plosive like)

- umbrella term
- articulators approach each other but not enough for friction
- resonant, vowel like sound

- semivowels
> phonetically like vowels
--> lack friction/closure associated with consonants
--> can be held for as long as speaker has breath like vowels
> phonologically like consonant
--> only occur directly before vowels
--> only occur at the start or end of syllables - must go with another vowel
--> select the a-form of the indefinate article

- lateral articulation involvves a partial closure made with tongue at the alveolar ridge
- one or both sides of the tongue are lowered, air escapes through resulting pathway

- alveolar approximant [ɹ] > most common in English
- retroflex alveolar approximant [ɻ] > most common with Americal speakers
- non-rhotic dialects do not pronounce / r / at the end of a syllable
> most British dialects are non-rhotic; most American dialects are rhotic
far --> /fa/

- stop: sound with complete cloosure in mouth plosive, affricates, nasals
- obstruent: some kind of obstruction (blockage) of airstream plosive, fricative, affricate, nasals
- sonorant: air flows freely through mouth or nose nasals, laterals, approximants
- continuants: can continue as long as speaker has breath all sounds but plosives
- liquid: laterals and rhotics

- bilabial: both lips = active articulators
- labiodental: upper lip + lower teeth
- (inter)dental:
> dental = tongue touches back of teeth
> interdental = tongue between teeth
- alveolar: alveolar ridge = passive articulator
- post-alveolar: passive articulator between alveolar ridge and hard palate
- palatal: hard palate is active articulator
- velar: back of tongue approaches soft palate
- glottal: made in glottis, space between vocal folds