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Structure & Subsystem (1)

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1
What is the Structure of the Earth?
EARTH is comprised with LAYERS which shows the DIFFERENTIATION OF ITS DENSITY. It includes the CORE, MANTLE, and CRUST. CORE has an INNER AND OUTER LAYER. MANTLE has a LOWER AND UPPER LAYER. CRUST has CONTINENTAL and OCEANIC.
2
What are the Subsystems of the Earth?
EARTH also has SUBSYSTEMS that shows the FLOW OF MATTER AND ENERGY that includes the LITHOSPHERE, ATMOSPHERE, HYDROSPHERE, and BIOSPHERE.
3
Describe the Earth's Formation in 4 steps
a. Clumps of dust grains developed physical collisions
b. which results in the formation of Planetisimals
c. Due to gravity Planetisimals stick and pack tightly together
d. resulting to the formation of protoplanet
4
What happens during Earth Differentiation?
heavy or dense materials like nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe) sink to the center of Earth. While Light or dense materials rise to the surface.
5
What are the three layers of the Earth?
core, mantle, crust
6
What are the two types of core?
inner and outer core
7
What are the two types of mantle?
Upper and Lower mantle
8
What are the two types of crust?
oceanic and continental
9
a seismologist who discovered in 1936 that the earth has a solid inner core.
Inge Lehmann
10
Consist of iron and nickel alloy
Both inner and outer core
11
magnetic layer
Both inner and outer core
12
Solid layer
inner core
13
a core layer that has a radius of 1250km
inner core
14
its temperature is 6000c (almost as hot as the sun)
inner core
15
Liquid layer
outer core
16
a core layer that has a radius of 2300km
outer core
17
Its temperature is 4000c - 5000c
outer core
18
layer that cause the Earth's Magentic field
outer core
19
Refers to the boundary between the inner core and outer core
Lehmann Discontinuity
20
is a layer between the crust and the outer core.
Mantle
21
a silicate rocky shell with an average thickness of 2,886 kilometers (1,793 mi).
Mantle
22
makes up about 84% of Earth's volume.
Mantle
23
predominantly solid but in geological time it behaves as a very viscous fluid.
Mantle
24
Density and composition of mantle vary with depth because heavier materials sink within Earth. True or False
True
25
Density and composition of mantle vary with depth because lighter materials sink within Earth. True or False
False
26
soft layer of the mantle where lithosphere floats
Asthenosphere
27
Asthenosphere is found
in the lower mantle
28
Soft/magma layer
lower mantle
29
layer that Exhibits "plasticity"
lower mantle
30
Layer that has convection currents
lower mantle
31
a layer of the mantle that is 2240km thick
lower mantle
32
A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.
Lithosphere
33
Lithosphere is found
in the upper mantle
34
Rigid/solid layer
upper mantle
35
Moho boundary is found
in the upper mantle
36
a layer that is 660Km thick
upper mantle
37
usually referred as the "Moho discontinuity" or "Moho"
Mohorovičić discontinuity
38
is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle
Mohorovičić/Moho discontinuity
39
defined by the distinct change in velocity of seismological waves as they pass through changing densities of rock.
Mohorovičić/Moho discontinuity
40
Lies on top of the mantle.
Crust
41
Dark colored layer
oceanic crust
42
rock sample of oceanic crust
Basalt
43
A dark gray to black dense to fine-grained rock that consist of basic plagioclase, augite, and usually magnetite
Basalt
44
Thin layer
oceanic crust
45
a layer of crust that is 50 km thick
oceanic crust
46
Light colored layer
Continental crust
47
Rock sample of of continental crust
Granite
48
a very hard natural igneous rock formation of visibly crystalline texture formed essentially of quartz and orthoclase or microcline
Granite
49
Coarse-textured layer
continental crust
50
Thick layer
continental crust
51
a layer of the crust that is 40-70 km
continental crust
52
Planet earth is dynamic each part - land, water, air and life- are inter connected and continuously interact with one another. True or False
True
53
Planet earth is lethargic each part - land, water, air and life- are inter connected and continuously interact with one another. True or False
False
54
Solid section of the Earth
Lithosphere
55
Includes crust and rigid upper mantle
Lithosphere
56
divided into huge plates that move in relation to one another.
Lithosphere
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continents that are lock up into a huge landmass
Pangaea/pangea
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Gradually broke and drifted in their present position.
Pangaea/pangea
59
Plates drift sideways at the rate of 12cm per year. True or False
True
60
Plates drift horizontally at the rate of 12cm per year. True or False
False
61
proposed that the lithosphere is divided into major plates
Plate Tectonic Theory
62
states that smaller plates rest upon a lower soft layer called asthenosphere.
Plate Tectonic Theory
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The mechanism of movement is related to the convection current within the mantle. True or False
True
64
Boarder between tectonic plates.
Boundary
65
What are the 3 types of tectonic plate boundaries?
divergent, convergent, transform
66
plates move away from each other
divergent boundary
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plates collide
convergent boundary
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plates slide past each other in opposite directions
Transform
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Volcanoes and earthquakes help expound the boundaries between plate. True or False
True
70
large, continuous, discreate masses of land separated with water.
Continents
71
are part of the plates that sometimes occur in the middle plate and not on their boundaries or edges.
Continents
72
Volcanic eruptions produces
water (H2O) and gases such as: carbon dioxide (CO2) carbon monoxide (SO2) nitrogen (N2) ammonia (NH3) methane (CH4). But no oxygen.
73
There were frequent impacts of meteorites, asteroids, and volcanic eruptions
Atmosphere
74
Earth cooled, water condense to form oceans, carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves into oceans forming
Carbonates
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Earth cooled, water condense to form oceans, carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves into oceans forming CARBONATES
Atmosphere
76
When carbonates are formed, what becomes the major component of the atmosphere?
Nitrogen (N2)
77
The early earth atmosphere was very inhospitable. True or False
True
78
The early earth atmosphere was very hospitable. True or False
False
79
caused H20 to split 2H2O 2H2O + O
Radiation from the sun
80
evolved and began carrying out photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria
81
escapes into the outer space oxygen (O2) accumulated in the atmosphere.
Hydrogen
82
Development, evolution and growth of life increased the quantity of _________ in the atmosphere.
oxygen
83
protects terrestrial life from ultraviolet radiation.
Ozone (O3)
84
What are the 5 layers of the atmosphere?
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
85
Lowest layer of the atmosphere
Troposphere
86
Contains 80% of the total mass of the atmosphere
Troposphere
87
Most water vapor present
Troposphere
88
All weather-associated cloud types are found on this layer.
Troposphere
89
Extend from earths surface to average height of 12 km, 9km at poles and 17 km at the equator.
Troposphere
90
Temperature stops decreasing at tropopause
Troposphere
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What is the Temperature-altitude relationship in the Trposphere?
Temperature decrease as altitude increases. Less solar radiation as atmosphere become thinner.
92
Extend from the top troposphere 50km
Stratosphere
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What is the temperature-altitude relationship in the Stratosphere?
The temperature increases as altitude increases due to presence of ozone (O3)
94
Ozone absorbs the UV rays from the sun and releases some energy (Protects life).
Stratosphere
95
Where jet planes fly
Stratosphere
96
temperature stops increasing at stratopause
Stratosphere
97
Lacks weather-producing air turbulence, almost completely free from clouds and other forms of weather.
Stratosphere
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Third layer of the atmosphere.
Mesosphere
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Extend from the stratopause (altitude of 50km) to mesopause (80km)
Mesosphere
100
Upper ___________ is the coldest region in the atmosphere.
Mesosphere
101
This layer protects the earth from meteoroids
Mesosphere
102
are meteoroids that managed to reach the earth.
Meteorites
103
Second highest layer of Earths atmosphere.
Thermosphere
104
Extend from mesopause (altitude of 80km) to thermosphere (700km.)
Thermosphere
105
what is the temperature-altitude relationship in the Thermosphere?
Temperature increases as altitude increases.
106
plenty of Nitrogen(N2) and oxygen(O2) ultraviolet radiation and turns it into heat.
Thermosphere
107
its temperature can rise as high as 1500c
Thermosphere
108
Ionosphere portion of thermosphere between 80 and 550km above the earth.
Thermosphere
109
lower part of the Thermosphere
Ionosphere
110
Ionosphere portion between 80 and 550km above the earth.
Thermosphere
111
This layer consist of highly ionized gas. It is formed when UV rays knock off electrons from N2 and O2.
Ionosphere
112
where Ions in the atmosphere form band layer
Ionosphere
113
These layers reflect ordinary radio waves pass around the earth
Ionosphere
114
consist of highly ionized gas. It is formed when UV rays knock off electrons from N2 and O2.
Ionosphere
115
layer of ionosphere that reflects radio waves.
Kennelly-Heaviside layer
116
Outermost layer of the earth's atmosphere.
Exosphere
117
Extends at about 700km to 1000km above sea level.
Exosphere
118
Most orbiting satellites (present)
Exosphere
119
low density elements like hydrogen and helium (present)
Exosphere
120
In earth's history as it cooled water vapor condensed to form the early ocean
Hydrosphere
121
other gases remained gaseous state which make up the early atmosphere.
Hydrosphere
122
Nearly 71% if earths surface is covered with water (Reason it is called blue planet)
Hydrosphere
123
What are the two types of Ocean zones?
Horizontal zones and Vertical zones
124
divide the ocean from land to the sea
horizontal zones
125
Horizontal zone consists of two sub zones. What are these?
Costal zone and Pelagic zone
126
region which the sea bottom is exposed during low tide and covered during high tide.
Costal zone
127
located seaward of the costal zones low tide mark
Pelagic zone
128
What are the two kinds of Pelagic zone?
oceanic zone and neritic zone
129
lies above the continental shelf.
oceanic zone
130
Begins from the low tide mark outward from the seashore and extend to a depth of 200m
oceanic zone
131
extend from the edge of the continental shelf, over the continental shelf, over the ocean floor.
neritic zone
132
Characterized by darkness.
neritic zone
133
divide the ocean base on depth, beginning at sea level to the deepest point in the ocean
Vertical zones
134
What are the 5 Sub zones of vertical zone?
Epipelagic zone/sunlight zone, Mesopelagic zone/twilight zone, Bathypelagic zone/midnight zone, Abyssopelagic/abyss, and Hadalpelagic zone/trenches
135
zone that gets a lot of sunlight
Epipelagic zone (sunlight zone)
136
Abundance of aquatic plants, common animals found on this zone
Epipelagic zone (sunlight zone)
137
characterized by "dim light"
Mesopelagic zone (twilight zone)
138
limited amount of sunlight
Mesopelagic zone (twilight zone)
139
Some plants, jelly fish, octopus, squid are found
Mesopelagic zone (twilight zone)
140
no sunlight
Bathypelagic zone (midnight zone)
141
animals that live here lacks eye sight. E.g. viper fish, anglerfish, strip eel, and tripod fish
Bathypelagic zone (midnight zone)
142
describe as deep sea
Abyssopelagic (abyss)
143
Animals who live in this area are invertebrates. E.g. blind shrimp, small squid and hagfish
Abyssopelagic (abyss)
144
deepest part of the ocean
Hadalpelagic zone (trenches)
145
Mostly found in deep water trenches and canyons
Hadalpelagic zone (trenches)
146
Animals exist like sea cucumbers and tube worms.
Hadalpelagic zone (trenches)
147
movement of substances through biosphere.
Biochemical cycle
148
shows the movement of these substance from their nonliving reservoir through various food chains of the ecosystem.
Biochemical cycle
149
Contains entirely of earths living things.
Biosphere
150
"zone of life"
biosphere
151
is the global ecological system integrating all living things and their relationship.
biosphere
152
worlds major communities
Biomes
153
Classified base to its predominant vegetation characterized by adaptation of organisms in particular climate.
Biomes
154
What are the four major biomes?
Aquatic, Forest, Desert, and Tundra
fresh water(ponds, lakes, rivers, etc.)
155
Marine (Ocean, estuaries, etc.)
Aquatic biome
156
tropical temperature, boreal forest, and taiga
Forest biome
157
low rain fall (less than 50cm/year)
Desert biome
158
Most deserts have specialized vegetation and animals to adopt its condition.
Desert biome
159
the coldest of all biomes.
Tundra biome
160
has low biotic diversity and simple vegetation structure
Tundra biome
161
what are three most dominant components of water
Chlorine 55%, Sodium 31%, Magnesium 7.7%
162
In total global water, Oceans are greater than freshwater. true or false
true
163
In total global water, Freshwater are greater than oceans. true or false
false
164
In freshwater, Groundwater is greater than glaciers and ice caps. true or false
false
165
In freshwater, glaciers and ice caps are greater than groundwater. true or false
true
166
in Surface water, lakes are greater than ice and snow. true or false
false
167
in Surface water, ice and snow are greater than lakes. true or false
true
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