Geologic Processes (2)

Examples of Landforms

react with minerals to produce weak acids

2 types of geologic processes

occur on near the surface of the Earth

natural occurrences that leave significant changes on the landscape, even in the ecosystem of an area.

examples of exogenous process

is the disintegration of rocks, soils, and minerals together with other materials through contact with Earth’s subsystems.

happens even without movement or transportation

2 types of weathering

process by which rocks are broken into smaller pieces by external conditions.

Types of physical weathering

Repititious freezing and thawing of water under patio

causes the surface to heave when the ice expands under the patio and contract when ice melts

water collects in rock crack, water freezes and expands, forcing crack to widen, Ice thaws, contracts and water gets deeper into cracks again, Repeated expansion and contraction causes further cracks till rock splits

As the roots grow, they widen the cracks, eventually breaking the rock into pieces

Trees can break apart even large rocks. true or false

holes that expose new rocks to the efects of weathering

holes allow water and other weathering agents to reach the rock layer that had been covered by soil

repetition of cooling and heating over and over again

peeling away of large sheets of loosened rock materials

chemical reactions break the minerals in the rock into different materials

Types of Chemical weathering

process where iron combines with oxygen in the presence of water

chemical reaction between H+ and OH ions in water and the minerals in the rock

The H ions in the water react with minerals to produce weak acids

The reaction creates compounds which tend to be softer and weaker than the original parent rock material

CO in the atmosphere dissolves in the droplets of water that make-up the clouds

forms a weak carbonic acid

reacts with certain rocks and minerals which include calcite, limestone, marble, chalk

can make cracks in rocks and start the weathering process

Some living things produce acids that are released to the environment

example of orgnaic acids

Pollution from the air contaminates the rain that causes rapid chemical weathering

the process by which Earth’s surface is worn away by wind, water, or ice.

it process moves rock debris or soil from one place to another.

Types of erosion

erosion caused by nature

a normal process representing erosion of land in natural environment

caused by the effect of rainfall, run-off, wind, topography, Atmospheric temperatures, gravitation process

physical weathering occurs more quickly on a steep slope than on a gentle one

gravity causes rock fragments to move down inclines

movement of fragments down an incline, either be rapid or slow

accumulation of fragments at the base of a slope

may be reduced to smaller fragments through mechanical and chemical weathering

erosion caused by human activities

The potential for severe soil erosion and accelerated water runoff exists after a wildfire due to the lack of plant material to stabilize the soil.

It is the movement of material on a downslope terrain due to gravity.

usually happens in slopes, is dangerous, and may occur in areas that can trigger mass movement.

can cause loss of life and injury, property damage, loss of capital assets, and interruption to economic activities.

3 forms of mass wasting

happens when a large amount of sediments (usually rocks of various sizes) fall downslope

Unlike landslides, it does not need water to flow down.

happens when combined soil and water flow downslope

usually happens near rivers or streams where soils or sands are always moist or have been soaked in water for long time.

is a slow downslope movement of loosely consolidated materials or rock and soil layers

In time, the area would look curved because of the depression formed by the downslope movement of the land.

The accumulation of materials (i.e soil, rock fragments, and soil particles) settling at the bottom.

Actually occurs in sediment in stream and sea erosion.

caused by forces from within or in the interior of Earth

The driving force is the thermal energy of the mantle and the crust.

responsible for earthquakes, movement of plates leading to development of continents, mountain building, volcanic activities, other movements related to Earth’s crust.

3 types of Endogenous process

happens when magma is generated and develops into igneous(magmatic) rocks.

take place either under the surface or on the surface to become part of the crust.

very hot and is constantly moved by the internal heat that reaches the mantle of Earth through convection flow.

layer where partial melting happens, origin of magma

layer where magma rises

Layer where magma differentiation in magma reservoirs (e.g. intrusion, stagnation, crystallization

Layer where intrusion and underplating happens

layer where volcanic erruption happens, entrusion of lava

layer where volcanic gasses mix with the atmosphere

the process that usually happens after the magma is formed.

the magma that reaches the surface of Earth

the process of changing the materials that make up a rock.

Types of Metamorphism

a process when magma comes into contact with an existing rock and heat from the magma changes the structure and the mineral composition of the surrounding rock.

It is a change in the structure, texture, or the chemical composition of a rock caused by a change of temperature or pressure over a large area

are usually a result of the shifting of tectonic plates.