section 4

Release of energy from glucose
ATP provides energy for cells

Aerobic With oxygen
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Anaerbic without oxygen
Glucose -> lactic acid + energy
Plants: glucose -> carbon dioxide + energy

Soak dried beans in wter, start to germinate (willl respire), put hydrogen carbonate indicator in test tube, place beans on gauze
Boil another set of beans to kill (not respire) put in test tube with hydrogen carbonate indicator. First test tube changes from orange to yellow, second stays yellow

Two sets of bean, germinating and boiled. Add in vaccum flask, place thermometer, measure temp daily for one week. Repeat, germinating temp increases because they respire, respiration releases energy as heat

Brad: large SA for diffusion
Thin: short diffusion pathway
Air spaces: let O2 and CO2 in and out
Stomata: let O2 and CO2 in and out, allows water to escape. Guard cells turgid, opening stomata letting CO2 for photsynthesis. Guard cells flaccid, stomata closed, no CO2 let in no photosyntheses

HYdrogencarbonate indicator: in air withh normal CO2 conc - organe. CO2 conc increases - yellow. CO2 conc decreases - purple
4 test tubes. 1 empty with indicator, 2 with indicator, leaf, foil, 3 gauze, leaf, indicator, 4 leaf, indicator. LEave for an hour, check color change. 1 stays orange CO2 no change in CO2 conc. 2 yellow, only respiring (no light), 3 orange, photosynthesis and respiration happening. 4 purple some respiration lots of photosynthesis
Pathway of air

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Breathing in: intercostal muscles and diaghram contracts, increasing thorax volume, decreasing pressure
Breathing out: intercostal muscle and diaghram relax, decreasing thorax volume, increasing pressure

Sit still for 5 mins, count number of breaths for 1 min. DO 4 min excercise, count breath for 1 min, Repeat and work out mean. Two with 2 other peop;e. Breathing rate increases muscles need more O2.

Two boiling tubes. Limewater in each. Breath in from the mouth piece, boiling tube A stays colorless as air CO2 conc is low. Breath out, boiling tube B turns cloudy since it contains high CO2 conc

Many folds, increases surface area increasing rate of difffusion
Thing walls/one cell thick: short diffusion pathway
Great blood suplyin capillaries: high conc gradient
permeable walls: gases can diffuse easily

Damages walls of alveoli decreasing SA - emphysema
Tar damages cillia in lungs and trachea, not able to catch bacteria and dust, - chest infections
Tar irritates bronchironchioles makinng more mucus not moved away by damaged cillia- smoker's cough, chronic bronchitis
carbon monoxide: reduces amount of O2 carried by RBC, heart rate increases- blood pressure increases, damaged artery alls - heart attacck
Tobacco, carcinogens - cancer