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Unit 5: Clinically Significant Protozoans

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an organism that are endoparasite (livies within) or ectoparasite (lives on) a host
parasites
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parasites benefits from the association while the host is harmed
parasitism
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activated growing or vegetative stage of some protozoans
trophozoite
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has protective capsue that permits the organism to survive when growth requirements are lacking
cyst
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allows parasitic species to survive outside host and remains infectious
cyst
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type of reproduction of protozoans
asexual (schizogony)
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type of protozoan that use their cytosome to take up nutrient
ciliates
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type of protozoan that take up nutrients via phagocytosis
pseudopods
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Phylums of protozoans
saracomastigophora
ciliophora
apicomplexa
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species under saracomastigophora
mastigophora
sarcodina
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disease (presentation) under species mastigophora of phylum sarcomastigophora
giardiasis
trichomoniasis
leishmaniasis
trypanosomiasis
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disease (presentation) under the species sarcodina of phylum sarcomastigophora
amoebiasis
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disease (presentation) under ciliophora
balantidiasis
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disease (presentation) under apicomplexa
malaria
toxoplasmosis
babesiosis
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mode of transmission of giardia lamblia
ingestion of contaminated food/ water
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disease caused by giardia lamblia
giardiasis
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manifestation of giardiasis
steatorrhea (excessive fats in stool)
diarrhea
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treatment for giardiasis
metronidazole
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classification of giardia lamblia
trophozoite
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MOA of metronidazole
nitrogroup is reduced by ferredoxin which forms free radical that disrupts electeon transport chain and products that disrupts DNA
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indication of metronidazole
anaerobic bacterial infections
trichomoniasis
amoebiasis
giardiasis
pseudomembranous colitis
PUD
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causative agent of west african sleeping sickness
trypanosoma brucei gambiense
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causative agent of east african sleeping sickness
trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense
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mode of transmission of trypanosoma brucei gambiense and trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense
bite of tse-tse fly (glossinia sp.)
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manifestations of west african sleeping sickness
hard, red, painful skin ulcer that heals within 2 weeks
systemic spread (dizziness, headache, fever)
subsides
renewed fever
2-4 pattern for few months
CNS symtpoms (drowsiness, behavioral change, difficulty with walking, slurred speech, coma, death)
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manifestation of east african sleeping sickness
early neurologic symptoms
more severe
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treatment for blood phase of west african sleeping sickness
pentamidine
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treatmenr for CNS phase of west afrian sleeping sickness
eflornithine
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treatment for cns phase of eastern african sleeping sickness
melarsoprol
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treatment for blood phase of east african sleeping sickness
suramin
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MOA of pentamidine
inhibition of protein and RNA synthesis
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MOA of eflornithine
inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase of parasite
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enzyme vital for the parasite's cellular function
ornithine decarboxylase
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MOA of melarsoprol
inhibits SH groups on pyruvate kinase - disruption on energy production
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MOA of suramin
unknown
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causative agent of american sleeping sickness (chagas disease)
trypanosoma cruzi
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mode of transmission of trypanosoma cruzi
bite of reduviid bug
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reservoir of trypanosoma cruzi
rodents, opossums, amadillos
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manifestation of chagas disease
chagoma (skin lesion, site of entry)
systemic spread (heart to tachycardia)
CNS (meningoencephalitis)
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treatment for chagas disease
nifurtimox
benzdinazole
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MOA of nifurtimox
nitro consituent is involved in various redox reactions which leads to the production of reactive oxygen synthesis
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MOA of benzdinazole
protein and DNA synthesis inhibitor
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mode of transmission of leishamania species
bite of female phlebotomous sandfly
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reservoir of leishmania species
rodents
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disease caused by leishmania tropica
cutaneous leishmaniasis
old world leishmaniasis
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oriental sore, common in asia countries
cutaneous leishmaniasis
old world leishmaniasis
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disease caused by leishmania brasiliensis
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
new world leishmaniasis
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manifestation of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and new world leishmaninasis
espundia (dermal ulcer)
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disease caused by leishmania donovani
visceral leishmaniasis kala-azar
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manifestation of visceral leishmaniasis kala-azar
hepatosplenomegaly
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treatment for diseases caused by leishmania species
stibogluconate
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chemical name of stibogluconate
antimony d-gluconic acid
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MOA of stibogluconate
binds to thiol group in the parasite
inhibits the formation of high energy phosphates
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causative agent of intestinal amoebiasis/ amoebic dysentery
entamoeba histolytica
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mode of transmission of entamoeba histolytica
fecal-oral route (ingestion of cyst)
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manifestation of intestinal amoebiasis
bloody, mucoid stools
fever, nausea and vomiting
flask-shaped ulcers
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disease caused by entamoeba histolytica
intesitnal amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery)
extraintestinal amoebiais (amoebic liver abscess)
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manifestation of extraintestinal amoebiasis
aspirated anchovy-sauce material (blood, pus, necrotic liver tissue)
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tissue amebicides (amoebic liver abscess)
metronidazole
chloroquine
emetine dihydroemetine
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MOA of emetine dihyrdoemetine
inhibition of protein synthesis
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luminal amebicides (poorly absorbed in the GIT thereby reaching high concentrations in the intestinal lumen)
iodoquinol
diloxanide furoate
paramomycin
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MOA is unknown but has structural similarities with chloramphenicol
diloxanide furoate
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MOA of paromomycin
inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to 16s ribosomal rna
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causative agent of balantidiasis
balantidium coli
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largest protozoa infecting humans
balantidium coli
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mode of transmissio of balatidium coli
fecal-oral route
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resevoir of balantidium coli
pigs
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manifestation of balantidiasis
persistent diarrhea
abdominal pain
barrel-shaped ulcers
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treatments for balantidiasis
tetracycline
metronidazole
iodoquinol
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vector of plasmodium species
anopheles mosquito
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reservoir of plasmodium species
humans
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infective form of plasmodium
sporozoites
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latent form of plasmodium
hypnozoites
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causative agent of malaria
plasmodium vivax
plasmodium ovale
plasmodium malariae
plasmodium falciparum
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manifestations of malaria
flu-like illness
severe chills, high fever, profuse sweating
anemia and jaundice (loss of rbc)
hepatosplenomegaly (elimination of rupture rbc)
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malaria control
prevent mosquito bites
chemoprophylaxis
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chemoprophylaxis for travelers
chloroquine
doxycycline/ mefloquine
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drug of choice when there is chloroquine resistance
doxycycline (mefloquine)
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drug of choice for chemoprophylaxis when there is no resistance to chloroquine
chloroquine
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MOA of chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine
inhibition of heme polymerase present in the acidic food vacuole of the parasite
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globin utilized by malarial parasite
hemoglobin
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highly toxic for material parasite
heme
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not toxic to plasmodium
hemozoine
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drug of choice and treatment of malariam excep for chloroquine resstance falciparum
chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine
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MOA of primaquine
converted to oxidizing intermediates in the body which interferes in energy production in parasite
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is a radical cure: a highly active drug against the hypnozoites of p.vivax
primaquine
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MOA of mefloquine
same as chloroquines
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drug of choice for prophylaxis for chlorouine recistant falciparum
mefloquine
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MOA of artemether + lumefantrine
lumefantrine prevents the detoxification of heme,
artemether inhibits nucleic acid and protein synthesis
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drug of choice for gtreament of chloroquine-resistant falciparum
artemether + lumefantrine
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mode of transmission of toxoplasma gondii
ingestion of cysts in undercooked meat
food contaminated with household cat feces
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disease caused by toxoplasmaa gondii
toxoplasmosis
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mode of transmissionn of toxoplasma gandii
ingestion of cyst in undercooked meat
fodd contaminated with househol cat feces
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manifestation of toxoplasma
toxoplasma enthereomiasis
can cross the placenta (teratogen)
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treatment for toxoplasmosis
spiramycin
sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
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drug of choise for maternla/ fetal toxoplasmosis
spiramycin
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causative agent of babesiosis
babesia microti
babesia divergens
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mode of transmission of babesia sp,
bite of ticks
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reservoir of babesia sp.
cattle, deer, rodents
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manifestations of babesiosis
similar with malaria (fever, chills, hemolysis)
does not affect liver cells
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treatment for babesiosis
atovaquone + azithromycin
quinine + clindamycin
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