part 1

The two most important natural sources
of alkanes are

is a complex liquid mixture of organic
compounds (alkanes or cycloalkanes)

often found associated with
petroleum deposits, consists mainly of methane (about
80%) and ethane (5% to 10%).

is the major constituent of liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG), a domestic fuel.

is the gas of choice in some areas.

Alkanes are insoluble in water

all the C-C and C-H bonds are nearly purely covalent in alkanes

At room temperature, alkanes occur as gases,
liquids and solids depending on the number of
carbons available in the compounds.

The mutual insolubility of alkanes and water is
used to advantage by many plants.

often constitute part of the protective coating on
leaves and fruits.

C27H56

C29H60.

C31H64

All of the bonds in alkanes are single, covalent, and
nonpolar. Hence alkanes are __________.

Alkanes ordinarily do not react with most common acids,
bases, or oxidizing and reducing agents.

Because of this inertness, alkanes can be used as solvents for
extraction or crystallization as well as for carrying out chemical
reactions of other substances.

alkanes do react with some reagents, such as
molecular oxygen and the halogens

• addition of O, removal of H
• the replacement of C-H bonds by C-O bonds

one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane are
replaced by halogen (X) atoms
• X - F, Cl, Br, I

The most important use of alkanes is as ____. With excess
oxygen, alkanes burn to form carbon dioxide and water

An _______ is required, usually ignition by a spark or
flame. Once initiated, the reaction proceeds spontaneously
and exothermically.

These _____ reactions are the basis for the use of
hydrocarbons for heat (natural gas and heating oil) and for
power (gasoline).

If insufficient oxygen is available for complete combustion
of a hydrocarbon, partial oxidation may occur.

When a mixture of an alkane and chlorine gas is stored at low
temperatures in the dark, no reaction occurs.

•In sunlight or at high temperatures, however, an ____ occurs.

of hydrocarbons is a substitution
reaction in which a chlorine atom is substituted for a
hydrogen atom.

The simplest alkene, ________, is a
plant hormone and an important starting
material for the manufacture of other
organic compounds.

The alkene functional
group is found in sources
as varied as citrus
fruits, steroids, and
insect pheromones.

is the hormone that causes tomatoes to ripen

alkenes also referred to

solvent; constituent of cleaning preparations; in synthesis of
esters

slug killer, in the form of methaldehyde (CH3CHO)4

manufacture of vinyl acetate polymers, ethyl acetate solvent
and cellulose acetate polymers

“cellosolves” (industrial solvents)

anti-freeze; production of DacronOR

solvent; production of vinyl chloride

manufacture of poly —PVC

manufacture of poly used in paint emulsions,
plywood adhesives and textiles

“plastic” bags; toys; packaging

rubbing alcohol; cosmetics; synthesis of acetone

manufacture of polyurethanes; polyesters

industrial preparation of phenol and acetone

molded articles (e.g., kitchenware); fibers for indooroutdoor carpeting

ALKANES, the most common reaction is_____ expressed by the general equation.

ALKENES, on the other hand, the most
common reaction is