Part 2

Water, ammonia, sulfuric acid, deuterium
oxide, ethanol, methanol, acetone,
isopropanol, methyl ethyl ketone, n-
propanol, acetonitrile, DMSO (dimethyl
sulfoxide), and DMF (dimethyl
formamide).

Chloroform, pentane, hexane, benzene,
toluene, octane, decane, dimethyl ether,
and dichloromethane.

are processes in which non covalent interactions
between identical molecules in a pure
sample are disrupted

The stronger the noncovalent
interactions, the more energy that is
required, in the form of heat, to break
them apart

is the temperature at
which the liquid state of compound is
converted to gaseous state
(vaporization); dependent on
intermolecular forces

temperature at which the
solid is converted to a liquid

influences melting point;
determines how well the individual
molecules in a solid form fit together, the
tighter it is, the greater temperature it
needs to melt

The ________ of the compound in
any homologous series increase as their
molecular weights increase in Van Der
Waals Forces

in a compound lowers its
boiling point because it reduces the area
of contact

occurs when one
substance is converted into another
substance

is accompanied by
breaking of some bonds and by making
of some others

Define as the detailed knowledge of the
steps involved in a process in which
the reactant molecules change into
products

Chemical reaction involves breaking of
one or more of the existing chemical
bonds in reactant molecules and
formation of new bonds leading to
products

The breaking of a covalent bond is known as

During bond breaking and bond fission,
the two shared electrons can be
distributed equally or unequally between
the two bonded atoms.

The fission of a covalent bond with
equal sharing of bonding electrons

are neutral but reactive species
having an unpaired electrons and these
can also initiate a chemical reaction

The fission of a covalent bond
involving unequal sharing of bonding
electrons

This types of bond fission results in
formation of ions.

The ion which has a positive charge on the carbon atoms, is known as the

an ion with a negative charge on the carbon atom is
known as the

The charged species obtained by the
heterolytic fission initiate chemical reactions
and they are classified as

is an electron deficient species and it may be
positively charged or neutral.
- Examples are H+, N+, O2, Br+, Cl+, Ag+,
CH3 +CO, BF3, etc.

is negatively charged or electron rich
neutral species.
- Examples of nucleophiles are OH–,– NO2, H2O: NH3 etc.

reaction involves the displacement of one atom or group in a molecule by another atom or group.

Aliphatic compounds undergo _____ reactions.

reaction is characterized
by the removal of a small molecule from
adjacent carbon atoms and the
formation of a double bond.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons such as
alkenes and alkynes are extremely
reactive towards a wide variety of
reagents. The carbon-carbon double
bond (–C=C–) of an alkene contains two
types of bonds. In alkynes, three carbon-
carbon bonds.

Attacks Multiple Bonds

proceeds with a fundamental change in the
hydrocarbon skeleton of the molecule.
During this reaction, an atom or group
migrates from one position to another.