part 2

Aldehydes and ketones are easily reduced to

The most common metal hydrides used to reduce carbonyl
compounds are

Reduction of Cyclohexanone

Oxidation of aldehydes gives a _______ with the same number of carbon atoms.

Because Oxidation reaction occurs easily, many oxidizing
agents, such as __________ will work

Nucleophiles attack the carbon atom of a carbon-oxygen
double bond because that carbon has a partial positive
charge.

The overall reaction involves addition of a nucleophile and
a proton across the pi bond of the carbonyl group (when
carried out in alcohol or water).

act as carbon nucleophiles toward carbonyl compounds.

The reaction of a Grignard reagent with a carbonyl
compound provides a useful route to alcohols

The type of carbonyl compound chosen determines the
class of alcohol produced.

gives primary alcohols

give secondary alcohols

give tertiary alcohols

adds to the carbonyl group of
aldehydes and ketones to form cyanohydrins,
compounds with a hydroxyl and a cyano group attached
to the same carbon.

Hydrogen cyanide adds to the carbonyl group of
aldehydes and ketones to form _________,
compounds with a hydroxyl and a cyano group attached
to the same carbon.

Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide to Acetone

Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide to Benzaldehyde

add to the C=O bond, the OR group becoming
attached to the carbon and the proton becoming
attached to the oxygen

Aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols to form,
first, _______ and then, if excess alcohol is present,
acetals.

Aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols to form,
first, hemiacetals and then, if excess alcohol is present,

contain both alcohol and ether functional
groups on the same carbon atom.

Alcohol plus Aldehyde would yield

have two ether functions at the same carbon atom.

In the presence of excess alcohol, hemiacetals react to form

This is a reversible reaction

are not stable and will lose the water to
reform the more stable carbonyl group.

The addition of nitrogen nucleophile, such as

Nitrogen Derivative of Ammonia

Nitrogen Derivative of Hydroxylamine

Nitrogen Derivative of Hydrazine

Nitrogen Derivative of Phenylhydrazine