quiz 1

The study of organisms that live in the soil, including their metabolic activities, and their roles in
nutrient cycling and energy flow.

The science of the classification of organisms / The principles and procedures of classification

The scientific study and description of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the relationships between them

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
"Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup"

Plantae, Animalia, Funga, Protista, Prokaryotae. **Since replaced by 3 Domain System**

Eukaryotic, multicellular, usually photosynthetic, develop from an embryo but lacks blastula

Eukaryotic, multicellular, develop from embryo with blastula

Eukaryotic, unicellular AND their multicellular descendants, develops from spore, has flagella. **All the organisms that didn't fit in other kingdoms**

Eukaryotic, develops from spore, lacks flagella

unicellular, thick walled, resistant, without food reserves

multicellular, environment capable of nurturing the plant, i.e. has endosperm/nutritive tissue/food reserves

Whip-like tail(s) that cause locomotion

An early embryonic structure produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consisting of a spherical layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity

Mutualistic symbiosis between certain fungi and most plants resulting in the formation of a modified plant root.
Plants benefit from the fungus, usually through enhanced nutrient acquisition; fungus receives photosynthate (carbon) from the host plant

All prokaryotic organisms, no membrane bound nucleus or organelles

Organisms whose cells lack a (membrane bound) nucleus and other organelles. Mostly small, unicellular, with simple structure. Two distinct groups are the Bacteria (including Cyanobacteria) and the Archeaea/Archeabacteria.

Organisms whose cells have a membrane bound nucleus and other organelles. Unicellular (protists) or multicellular (plants, animals, fungi). Less overall organisms than the prokaryotes, but due to their size the eukaryote global biomass is much larger than that of the prokaryotes.

Organisms that thrive in extreme conditions, and may die under normal conditions. Believed to be descendants of microorganisms adapted to early earth (no O2, lots of methane, CO2, extreme temperatures, boiling acidic muds, etc.). Hence called Archeabacteria (ancient bacteria). Includes the Thermophiles, Acidophiles, and Halophiles.

Organisms (mostly archeabacteria) that require high temperatures to survive, and who's enzymes and proteins function optimally at high temps. Plasma membranes are heat stable due to a high content of long-chain saturated fatty acids. Thrive between 45 °C and 122 °C, and diversity is mostly driven by pH. Source of important enzymes such as Taq polymerase used in PCR, which comes from Thermus aquaticus!

Organisms that thrive in acidic environments, with pH less than 3.0! There are even Thermoacidophiles that thrive in pH less than 4.0 and temperatures over 55 °C.

Organisms that thrive in salty environments, with salinity up to 36%. Normal saline is 0.9% and seawater is 3.5% salinity.

The structure, shape, size, look of an organism.

How an organism functions.

Hypothesized that extremophiles should not be in the same category as other bacteria. Chose to study 16S rRNA as a molecular genetic marker. Studying the molecule that causes morpho/physiological variations rather than the variations themselves avoids environmental influence, transcriptional errors (mistakes in protein synthesis), and gathers additional information from untranscribed genetic material! Developed the association coefficient S that represents the genetic similarity btwn species. Established the 3 domain system.

Should be...
- ubiquitous in living organisms (both pro and eukaryotic
- essential for life
- resistant to random mutations
- measurable in a lab

Organelles or particles that are the sites of protein synthesis. Made of RNA and proteins.

Single stranded nucleotide polymer. Codes for amino acids and acts as a messanger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins. Three kinds: messenger (mRNA), ribosomal (rRNA), transfer (tRNA).

Double stranded nucleotide polymer. Stores and transfers genetic information, such as instructions for protein synthesis.

If S = 1 then a,b identical. If S = 0 then a,b completely different. S = (# of identical nucleotides)(2)/(# of total nucleotides of a and b).

Theory that mitochondria developed from aerobic bacterium, and choloroplasts from photosynthetic bacterium, both of which entered ancestral eukaroytic cells and evolved with them.

Archaea (the archaebacteria/extremophiles), Eukarya (all eukaryotes), and Bacteria (all other prokaryotes).

Has 3 pysiological groups: the methanogens (methane producing), extreme halophiles, and thermoacidophiles.

The variety and abundance of species, their genetic composition and the communities, ecosystems and landscapes in which they occur.
The full range of life in all its natural forms, including genes, species and ecosystems, and the processes that link them.

Genomically coherent group that share a "high degree of similarity" in many independent features. In molecular terms, a prokaryotic species shows 70% of DNA-DNA binding and over 97% of 16S rRNA gene similairity. If genomes have been sequenced, an average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 94% is generally considered one species.