Micropara Lec

Essential Elements, Mineral Sources, Organic Growth Factors

C,H,O,N,P,S

K, Na, Mg, Mn, Fe, Ca, Co and etc.

-required by the bacteria for their growth and maintenance. -also called “Bacterial Vitamins”

1. Water
2. Oxygen
3. Carbon Dioxide
4. Temperature
5. Hydrogen Ion Concentration
6. Light
7. Osmotic Pressure
8. Symbiosis and Antagonism

-80% of bacterial cell consist of water
-dehydration is detrimental form most bacteria (treponema pallidum) but some can resist dying for months(staphylococcus)

can survive dry state for decades

Aka. Lyophilization
Method of preservation of bacteria

Aerobe
Anaerobe
Obligate Aerobe
Facultative Anaerobe
Microaerophilic
Obligate Anaerobe
Aerotolerant Anaerobe

Bacteria REQUIRES oxygen

Bacteria DO NOT REQUIRE oxygen

Only Grows with the presence of Oxygen

Grows only without the presence of oxygen

Bacteria which are aerobes but can grow with the lack or no oxygen

Bacteria which grow with TRACE amount of oxygen

Does not require oxygen but can tolerate the presence of oxygen

is provided by Cellular metabolism and from environment
5-10% is supplied for them in culture

requiring excess amount of CO2

Optimum Growth Temperature
Minimum Growth Temperature
Maximum Growth Temperature
Thermal Death Point

organism grows best

Organisms ceases to grow

Temperature which and organism dies

Lowest temperature that kills a bacterium at a given time

Bacteria which grow below 20 C (cold temp)

Bacteria which grows between 20-40 C (moderate temp)

Bacteria which grows at a higher temp 60-80 C

Ph requirement of bacteria is also variable
Most bacteria have an average of 7.2-7.6 which matches with the Ph pf human body

Bacteria grow in acid

Some bacteria grow in alkaline

most bacteria prefer darkness for growth
Cultures die if exposed to sunlight

Bacteria that requires sunlight

form a pigment only on exposure to light

0.5 NaCl is added to provide suitable

sudden exposure to hypertonic solutions may cause SHRINKAGE OF PROTOPLASM
Occurs more in gram negative

Escape of cytoplasm from the cell
increased fluid pressure within the cell

Cell bursting

Microbes that prefer salty environments

Organisms that do not prefer living in salty environment but capable of surviving

Growth of one organism favours growth of another organism

Growth of one organism detrimental to the other

collection of genes

refers to physical traits

A change in DNA that is transmissible to the offspring

Benificial, Harmful, Silent

organisms containing mutation

Lysogenic Conversion
Transduction
Transformation
Conjugation

an extrachromosomal DNA

Temperate phages inject their DNA into bacterial cell

Involves bacteriophages
“to carry across”
only small amount of genetic material are transferred

bacterial cell become easily transformed following the uptake of DNA fragments from its environment

Ability to absorb naked DNA

bacteria that are capable of absorbing DNA

Involves a specialized type of pilus called a sex pilus

Organism that produce its own food

An organism that does not make its own food

assemblages of bacterial cell
the product of excretion by cell and cell death

Infectious Agent
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible Host

Paghogen Identification
Asepsis and Hygiene
Control portals of exit
Prevent the route of transmission
Protect portal of entry
Recognition of susceptible host

an investigative method used to detect the cause or source of disease

studies what the disease does and how it can be prevented and treated

Percian physician
“father of modern medicine” in THE CANON OF MEDICINE (1020s)
Introduce quarantine

invasion by a foreign substance or injury which causes an alteration of the organism normal functioning

Disease causing microorganism

process of generating disease

disease causing

strength of a pathogen to cause disease

capability to enter the host

extent of phatogenicity

ability to get into a susceptible host

Source of causation

poisonous substance

to inhibit or kill bacteria

outbreak of one specific disease from a single source

epidemic that is widespread across a country

New cases

All cases

To study the history of disease
Community diagnosis
Look at risk pf individuals as they affect populations
Assessment, evaluation m and research
Completing the clinical picture
Identification of syndromes
Determine the causes and sources of disease