Ch. 2 Key Terms

Pg. 31 Propagated electrical potential responsible for transmitting neural information and for communication between neurons. Action potentials typically trav down a neauron's axon.

Pg. 28 Part of the neuron that transmits signals from the cell body to the synapse at the end of the axon.

Pg. 40 Technique such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that results in imagines of the brain that represent brain activity. In Cognitive psy, activity is measured in response to specific cognitive tasks.

Pg. 39 A condition associated with damage to Broca's area, in the frontal lobe, characterized by labored u grammatical speech and difficulty in understanding some types of sentences.

Pg. 38 An area in the frontal lobe associated with the production of language. Damage to this area causes Brocas aphasia.

Pg. 28 Part of a cell that contains mechanisms that keep the cell alove. In some neurons, the cell body and the dendrites associated with it recoeved information from other neurons.

Pg. 38 The 3-mm-thick outer layer of the brain that contains the mechanisms responsible for higher mental functions such as perception, language, thinking, and problem solving.

Pg 26 Field concerned with studying the neural basis of cognition.

Pg. 46 A network model of mental operation the proposes that concepts are represented in networks that are mental representation of concepts is also called the parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach.

Pg. 38 The idea, popular in the early 1800s, that the brain operates as individual whole, as opposed to operating based on specialized areas.

Pg. 50 Network of structure that are active when a person is not involved in specific tasks.

Pg. 28 Structures that branch out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons.

Pg. 44 Occurs when a specific cognition activates many areas of the brain.

Pg. 40 A situation in which a single dissociation can be demonstrates in one person and the opposite type of single dissociation can be demonstrated in another person.

Pg. 34 A mechanism that causes an organism's neurons to develop so the respond best to the type of stimulation to which the organism has been exposed.

Pg. 42 Am area in the temporal cortex that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies, but not by focusing a or other objects.

Pg. 33 Neurons that respond to specific visual featires, such as orientation, size, or the more complex features that make up environmental stimuli.

Pg. 39 The live in the front of the brain that served higher functions such as language, thought, memory, and motor functioning.

Pg. 46 The extent to which the neural activity in separate brain areas is correlated with each other.

Pg. 41 A brain imaging technique that measures how blood flow changes in response to cognitive activity.

Pg. 42 An area in the temporal lobe that contains many neurons that respond selectively to faces.

Pg. 36 Processing that occurs in a progression from lower to higher areas of the brain.

Pg. 26 A topic can be understood by studying it at a number of different levels of a system.

Pg. 38 Location of specific functions in specific areas of the brain. Ex: area have been identified that are specialized to process information involved in the perception of movement, form, speech, and differ aspects of memory.

Pg. 30 Small wires that are used to record electrical signals from single neuron.

Pg. 43 Multidimensional nature of cognitive refers to the fact that even simple experiences involve combinations of different qualities.

Pg. 31 An electrical response that is propagated down the length of an axon (nerve fiber)

Pg. 28 A network of continuously interconnected nerve fibers ( as contrated with neural networks, in which fibers are connected by synapes).

Pg. 29 Group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for neural processing.

Pg. 45 Groups of neurons or strictures that are connected together.

Pg. 28 The idea that individual cells called neurons transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by nerve net theory.

Pg. 27 Cell that is specialized to receive and transmit information in the nervous system.

Pg. 38 The study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans.

Pg. 31 Chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials.

Pg. 39 The love at the back of brain that is devoted primarily to analyzing incoming visual informatio.

Pg. 42 An area in the temporal love that contains neurons that are selectively activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes.

Pg. 39 The live at the top.of the brain that contains mechanisms responsible for sensations caused by stimulation of the skin and also some aspect of visual information.

Pg. 36 Neural representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons.

Pg. 39 Condition caused by damage to the temporal lobe that is characterized by an inability to recognize faces.

Pg. 29 Specialized neural structures that respond to environmental stimuli such as light, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimuli.

Pg. 30 When used to study neural functioning, a very thin glass or metal probe that can be picked up electrical signals from single neurons.

Pg. 30 Used in conjunction with a recording electrode to measure that difference in charge between the two. Generally placed where the electrical signal remains constant, so any change in charge between the recording and reference electrodes reflects events happening near the tip of the recording electrode.

Pg. 46 A method for determining functional connectivity that involves determining the correlation between the resting - state fMRI in separated structures.

Pg. 31 Differences in change between the inside and outside of a nerve fiber when the fiber is at rest (no other electrical signals are present.)

Pg. 46 The area of the brain associated carrying out a specific cognitive or motor task that serves as the reference area the resting-state functional connectivity method.

Pg. 36 How neural firing represents various characteristics of the environment.

Pg. 36 Neural coding based on the pattern of activity in small groups of neurons.

Pg. 36 The representation of a specific stimulus. Ex: signaling of a persons face by the firing of a neuron that responds only to that person's face.

Pg. 29 Space between the end of an axon and the cell body or dendrite of the next axon.

Pg. 41 The fMRI response that occurs in response to a specific cognitive task.

Pg. 35 The lobe on the side of the brain that contains mechanism responsible for language, memory, hearing, and vision.

Pg. 47 When measuring resting-state functional connectivity, the activity at the test location is compared to the activity at the seed location to determine the degree of functional connectivity between the two locations.

Pg. 47 The way the fMRI response to changes over time.

Pg. 46 A technique for determining connectivity in the brain that is based on detection of how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers.

Pg. 35 Area in the occipital line that receives signals from the eye.

Pg. 41 Small cube-shaped areas in the brain used in the analysis of data from brain scanning experiments.

Pg. 39 A condition, caused by damage to Wernicke's area, that is characterized by difficulty in understanding language, and fluent, grammatically correct, but incoherent speech.

Pg. 39 Area in the temporal lobe associated with understanding langauage. Damage to this area causes Wernickes aphasia.