Midterm

Cannabis Sativa
Cannabis Indica
and, of lesser significance, Cannabis Ruderalis.

These three plants are different types of the same species, Cannabis sativa L, but their use and effects vary.

Thin leafed and the tallest growing, C. sativa grows naturally in tropical regions like Mexico, Cambodia and Thailand.

Known for giving boosts of creativity and energy, C. sativa commonly incites euphoric highs that are focused in the mind.

With shorter, broader leaves, this variety originated around Tibet and Afghanistan.

C. indica is used to create high quality, high THC hash or keif with a "hypnotic relaxing high". It produces effects in the body like soothing aching muscles or pains and promoting sleep.

very low THC content, used for hemp

Producing little to no psychoactive effects (THC), Cannabis ruderalis can be higher in CBD and used for crossbreeding, or as a textile.

somewhat larger than indica ones, and it also flowers on its own and without stimulation from the light cycle.

tend to have higher concentrations of CBD relative to indica and sativa

These are not to be confused with "Indica" and "Sativa" which are "strains" (or more correctly, chemical variants or chemovars).

- The Indica chemovar is thought to provide a more relaxing, lethargic high.

- The Sativa chemovar tends to produce the opposite effect, with more energizing, euphoric highs.

true

it's not the leaves of the cannabis plants that produce the psychoactive effects of cannabis, but rather the buds that contain trichomes (crystal resin-producing glands on a marijuana plants) that produce cannabinoids; trichomes are responsible for producing the large majority of cannabis plant's cannabinoids.

drying the bud helps to preserve the cannabinoids and makes it easier to heat- heat activates the cannabinoids

cannabis needs to be ground in order to activate the cannabinoids (via heat), which is done by increasing surface area by grinding the bud

sometimes during grinding, some of the trichomes fall off, these little dust particles-looking trichomes are collectively known as keef

- keef is the powder and is very potent because it is concentrated cannabinoids

- when it is made into a liquid or wax its called hash

- Grinding causes the trichomes to fall off the bud, resulting in a powder called kief. Compressing kief into wax or liquid turns it into hash. They are both incredibly potent.

There are hundreds of chemicals produced by the trichomes, and they can be divided into two categories

- non cannabinoids (over 300)
- canabinoids (over 100)

non-cannabinoid- smells like berries, mint or pine etc

are secreted in the same glands as CBD and THC, but they are non-psychoactive aromatic compounds that give different strains distinct smells, effects and flavors. Common terpenes include Myrcene, Pinene, Limonene, Caryophyllene and Linalool.

non-cannabinoid- work synergistically with other chemicals

THC and CBD, but there are many other cannabinoids

(delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) has therapeutic effects and is the primary psychoactive cannabinoid that is the most responsible for the "high" associated with cannabis use.

It is known to be helpful with insomnia, loss of appetite, stress, chronic fatigue, muscle pain, and more.

CBD (cannabidiol) is the second most common chemical compound found in cannabis. It has therapeutic effects, but little to no psychoactive effects, thus it is commonly used medicinally. It has been found to help certain ailments like anxiety and epilepsy.

- creates sedation and analgesic effects
Decarboxylation

decarbing is a heating process used to activate cannabis.

- Decarbing is necessary because raw cannabis doesn't provide much (if any) effects until it is sufficiently heated to activate the chemicals.

- To successfully decarb, the chemicals must be heated past a specific temperature. THCA becomes THC through the decarboxylation process around 110 degrees Celsius. This can be achieved when smoking, where the cannabis is heated to the point of combustion. The chemicals can be alternatively decarbed in the oven, in a double boiler, in a vaporizer, etc...

No- Instead of THC and CBD, raw cannabis mainly contains THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid) and CBDA (cannabidiolic acid). THCA and CBDA are the inactive precursors to the actively intoxicating THC and CBD.

The biological system comprises endogenous (the body's natural) cannabinoids, receptors, and enzymes that interact with the active chemicals in cannabis.

CB1 and CB2

Receptors on the surface of cells that transmit information, resulting in a cellular response.

- CB1 and CB2 are two cannabinoid receptors that are heavily involved in the body's response to cannabinoids.

Found primarily in the brain but also throughout the body. High density in specific brain regions.

THC attaches to CB1 receptors, which are mainly found in the brain and central nervous system.
- CB1 receptors develop a tolerance over time.
- are also present in nerves and in some organs

CBD attaches to CB2 receptors, which are found mostly in the organs and immune system.

- CB2 receptors do not develop a tolerance.
- peripheral organs especially cells associated with the immune system

- temperature regulation
- memory
- cardiovascular function
- energy balance and metabolism
- digestion

THC goes from the blood to the endocannabinoid receptors (CB1)

- These receptors normally accept our bodies' natural cannabinoids, called endocannabinoids, but THC looks so similar in structure that they will accept it, and let it disrupt the normal messaging about memory, coordination, sensory perception...

- The CB1 and CB2 receptors are part of our body's endocannabinoid system, which all animals have

yep!

according to Bob Marley, "Kaya" is Jamaican slang for Herb

popular films are very important in both creating A time capsule of the era and influencing the way controversial topics like cannabis are discussed and portrayed
Reefer Madness (1936)

Cannabis' origin in film did not portray the plant in a flattering light

many propaganda movies were made in the early 1900's which ultimately contributed to the fear and demonization that encircled cannabis for decades

The original stoner movie following counterculture comedians Cheech and Chong as they attempt to smuggle a van made out of cannabis through the Border

- often celebrated as the father of the Stoner genre

- this Duo popularized comedy about and involving cannabis through the 70s and the 80s by performing stand-up recording music and writing directing and starring in films

Some stereotypes that can be observed in the video clip involve racial stereotypes with regards to Mexican or other Latin American groups, the idea that stoners or people who smoke cannabis are poor or of the lower class and that they are seen as stupid or cognitively impaired

another harmful stereotype is them acting "crazy" while smoking cannabis

The popularity of the stoner film genre grew over the 90s and 2000's

Media reflects a lot of our current understanding of, our current technology of the messages that were trying to convey
can really see this through the way that cannabis is transformed in movies over the years

initially we were starting off with that sort of propaganda style, all these racist undertones cannabis says the dead plant with it's burning roots in Hell- that's how it started out
the way that it's portrayed now is so drastically different

you can see that sort of transition through movies

eventually we ended up in the age of the stoner flick with Cheech and Chong

The coming-of-age comedy about high schoolers experimenting on the last day of school

was received well at its debut and has turned into a cult classic

All those three Stoners as they try to find the money to get there buddy out of jail

despite negative reviews it is one of the most highly rated Stoner flicks

Trace the Trope of the stone American buddies who spend a harrowing evening trying to get to the fast-food chain White Castle while high on cannabis
- a modern-day version of the stoner duo we first saw in Cheech and Chong

A man and his dealer run from a Hitman and police officer

in the film Pineapple Express is a rare and mind-blowing strain

following the movie a real strain with the same name blew up although it is a more mild and non-intrusive than the movie version

About a cannabis dealer who disguises himself in three strangers as a vacationing family in order to smuggle an RV full of cannabis across the border

this comedy deals less with personal use of cannabis and instead leans into the antics that can be found in the illegal dealing of cannabis

After the success of Stoner films we have recently been seeing entire television series centered around the topic of cannabis

they come in a variety of genres from sitcom to drama, documentary and even to reality shows

American comedy series about a Suburban mother who turns to growing and selling cannabis to support her family

was still a controversial Topic at the show's debut, Weeds garnered several Awards including two Emmys and a Golden Globe

Documents the Humboldt county drug enforcement unit as they bust cannabis growers and major drug cartels

Just one example of this genre of television shows that focus on law enforcement

Docu-series that follows a cannabis entrepreneur he runs a dispensary in British Columbia with questionable legality

This cooking show is just one of the many that have been appearing in recent years.

it fuses cannabis with one of its best friends: food

notable chefs prepare cannabis-infused food with the intention of getting the judges High

you may recognize some of the guest judges from other parts of this class (Cheech and Chong can be seen in the trailer)

this podcast brings together Stoner comedians to discuss all things cannabis while getting high

host Doug Benson is a comedian who gained notoriety in the Cannabis Community through his 2007 documentary about smoking cannabis called super high me, a play on the famous films Super Size Me

- Cannabis also has its bearings in fashion things like jewellery streetwear and accessories cannabis is also used in high fashion

- an example of cannabis and high fashion is Viktor & Rolf they were even featured on vogue's website for their collection of statement dresses including one featuring Cannabis iconography

hemp is very ecologically-friendly as a fabric

relics prove that hemp has been used as a fabric even in 8000 BC

hemp is one of the strongest most durable natural textile fabrics with a high heat capacity

it is also biodegradable, breathable and comfortable

This Pioneer of Reggae became a worldwide icon for not only Jamaican culture and music but also for the acceptance of cannabis

- became an advocate for cannabis after converting to Rastafari faith in 1966, he believed the plant to be a healing sacrament and supported legalization

a religious movement that began in Jamaica around the 1930s that's sees cannabis as a Sacrament with many beneficial properties

- cannabis is not used recreationally but with the purpose of stirring introspection to reach a higher Consciousness where one can discover their inner divinity

- Rastafarians believe cannabis use is promoted in the Bible

country singer / songwriter Nelson is a major influence in the Cannabis legalization debate

He's a co-chair of the National Organization for the reform of marijuana laws working to legalize cannabis in the United States

Nelson is the only person who can reportedly outsmoke Snoop Dogg and has singles like "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die" and "It's All Going to Pot"

he has his own brand called Willie's Reserve that sells strains edibles and more

American rapper Snoop Dogg has been a loyal cannabis consumer since the start of his career making it a trademark

in 2013 he claimed to smoke 80 blunts a day

in 2012 Snoop Dogg converted to Red Rastafari faith and change his name to Snoop Lion

he rapped about how he believed himself to be The Reincarnation of Bob Marley

he received criticism from Rastafarians for not upholding the traditions of the religion

he became the first celebrity to Market a cannabis brand with Leafs by Snoop in 2015 selling flower, concentrates and edibles

- seth rogen
- the trailer park boys
- alanis morisette

Vancouver born comedian Seth Rogen is very public with his cannabis use and has contributed plenty of high humour to popular culture

his movie Pineapple Express is a stoner classic

recently he has started selling his own cannabis products with under his brand houseplant

the characters from this Nova Scotian mockumentary series have become icons in the Cannabis world as smoking cannabis is a regular occurrence in the show

the boys have now been gearing up to sell trailer park bud

Morissette is a singer from Ottawa who has been vocal about her appreciation for cannabis for over a decade

- she claims to use weed to stimulate creativity and clarity

- she has a song called Mary Jane

spannabis held in Barcelona since 2002 is the largest cannabis event in Europe

the event features many hemp products and lectures about the medicinal properties of the plant

Ann Arbor hash bash began in 1972 following the release of activist John Sinclair who was sentenced to 10 years over two joints

Oshkosh is a celebration and demonstration with vendors, music, speeches and smoking

an international day of celebrating and protesting for recreational Cannabis where many show up in a designated location to smoke cannabis publicly

created by high school students as a designated time to smoke up after school

an event that brings together industry leaders to educate about the new cannabis technology, research, and products

October 3rd- 4th 2020

after legalization this major Edmonton event invited smokers to use cannabis and designated tents around the festival ground

organizers decided that to allow smoking within the festival in order to discourage smoking in the surrounding neighbourhood

- Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Vancouver, Canada
- Colorado, USA

this City's famous coffee shops have made Amsterdam the world capital for recreational cannabis

even before legalization Vancouver had a bustling cannabis scene with shops tolerance and acceptance Galore

the state legalized recreational cannabis in 2014 and has since become a hub for recreational use and research

since 2014 cannabis tourism has increased by 51%

Criminal law

packaging, labelling, display, promotion

health and safety requirements

types of products allowed for sale

law at the border

seed à sale tracking

minimum legislation for sale, age, distribution

medical cannabis

selecting the type of distribution model

licensing the distribution and retail sale

" issues of local concern" (example age limits, number of plants)

workplace safety

offenses for youth possession

home cultivation

personal possession

zoning bylaws

retail locations

nuisance

building codes

business licenses

public consumption (i.e. smoke-free places act and by law enforcement)
under Federal legislation:
- adults can possess up to _______ of legally produced cannabis

30 grams
4 cannabis plants per household

true

licensed production of cannabis is controlled by the federal government

distribution and sale of cannabis is controlled by the provincial government

both federal and provincial are responsible for impaired driving laws

Public Health decisions are also a matter of both Federal and provincial

regulated at all three levels of government

regulated at all three levels of government

provincial

are controlled at the provincial and municipal level

control of a situation or group of laws that supervise a profession

is a matter of provincial and federal jurisdiction

the provincial and municipal levels

matter of municipal government

keeping cannabis out of the hands of children

protecting Public Health

promoting safety on roads, in workplaces, and in public spaces

limiting the illegal market for cannabis

tobacco

vaping

cannabis for recreational or medical purposes

Hospital property
school property
Child Care Facility property
city-owned Golf Course
Cemetery
Ski Hill
bus terminal or light rail Transit platform

law enforcement looks the other way when using small amounts of cannabis for personal use. if caught, no criminal charges.

lifting the laws and allowing the government to regulate and tax cannabis sales

cannabis evolved around 27.8 million years ago in the Tibetan plateau
12000 BC years

- one of the oldest cultivated crops

- evidence through archaeobotanical analysis: seeds and pollen

first known medicinal uses- China
2737 BC: Chinese emperor Shennong use cannabis as an anesthetic during surgery
the emperor has cited cannabis as an important herbal remedy along with ginseng and ephedra

Chinese oral tradition suggested cannabis could help treat over 100 medical conditions
- little mention of intoxicating effects
- the Chinese used the seeds for medicinal purposes, some doctors still recommend them as laxatives

1000 BC medical and religious use

- first known to describe the intoxicating effects of cannabis

- Cannabis was used recreationally and medicinally and was revered as one of the five sacred plants in the Atharva Veda
depicted in poetry in the science of charms

- ganja doctors used cannabis for analgesia, anticonvulsant, hypnotic

- weddings and funerals honoring the god Shiva

- preparation methods included
Charas (resin from the female flower)- most potent

- Bhang Lassi (Dry leaves mixed with spices and milk)- least potent
ganja ( prepared from female plants buds)- average potency

450 BC: Scythians carried it to Russia and Ukraine then to Europe

- in France hemp was used as an alternative to flax

- in Germany and Italy: in 1484 Pope Innocent VII issues a Papal Fiat linking into witchcraft

1400

brought in by Arab traders via India

used medicinally for a variety of ailments including childbirth malaria and snake bites

Morocco is one of the world's largest producers of hashish

Dagga (psychoactive) was consumed in southern Africa for five centuries

cannabis was not present in West Africa prior to World War II but was introduced by soldiers serving in the British and French armies
- Smoked by males in the army

1500

consumption by pipe smoking was introduced so consumption increased

slaves from Angola brought it with them to Brazil

by 1830 cannabis was prohibited by religious authorities

hemp was introduced in Columbia to break Russian Monopoly but it was Chile that was able to export it to Spain

cannabis was first limited to low socio-economic males

cannabis made it to England and 10th century by Viking settlement near York

hemp rope was used for ships in transatlantic travel (eg. Columbus)

England 17th century
- the anatomy of melancholy by Robert Burton
- hemp seed as a list of plant remedies for depression
- Indian hemp commission 1894: A British government report that cannabis may be beneficial when used occasionally and in moderate doses

A British government report that cannabis may be beneficial when used occasionally and in moderate doses

the British were more concerned with hemp because Russia had the Monopoly

- 1563- Queen Elizabeth decree add landowners with more than 60 Acres must grow hemp or face a fine

- 1830- William O'Shaughnessy conducted experiments and published his findings and found no negative effects

- British heavily taxed India's cannabis granting licenses and did not worry about amounts consumed

- Britain bought 1.5 million Labourers to islands in the Caribbean. The laborers brought ganja.

the first clinical conference about cannabis took place in USA

by 1937 the USA Outlaws cannabis federally

- cannabis was an important textile and was even made a mandatory crop in 1619. after the Civil War other materials were used and cannabis was used medicinally

cannabis use becomes associated with Mexicans, fuelling stigma and prejudice against both the drug and the immigrants

The first federal "Drug Czar," Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Spoke out against the use of Marijuana (which had been romanticized in literature)

Anslinger did not believe in science or research, and his fear of cannabis stems partly from racially-fuelled fear and hatred

he ultimately manufacture a crisis

Anti drug campaign aimed at drug abusers, attempt to reform laws regarding marijuana

Taxed the grower, distributor, seller and buyer of marijuana. Also required docs to pay an annual license fee to prescribe marijuana

- After years of anti-cannabis propaganda, this act criminalized cannabis. Canada follows in 1938.

- 1941: cannabis removed from US pharmacopoeia

World War II reinvigorated the need for hemp as a textile, and farmers were encouraged to plant cannabis crops again. It was decriminalized in 1948.

during World War II cannabis was used recreationally mostly by African-Americans

height of the Vietnam War

growing political distress and resentment towards the war and government

increase of drug use and violent crime

Ongoing hippie movement

Civil rights, women's rights movements ongoing

increase public acceptance for drug use- particularly cannabis and psychedelics

all classes smokes cannabis and use became more widespread

Highest potential for abuse, no therapeutic use, (Heroine marijuana LSD)

- on a scale of 1 to 5, drugs in the first schedule have been deemed as "high potential for abuse" with no medicinal uses.

marijuana tax Act is deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, the Nixon team ( without research and biased by racism) created the Controlled Substance Act and dubbed cannabis a schedule 1 drug

a federal statute that regulates the manufacture and distribution of the drugs that are capable of causing dependency.

- labelled cannabis as a schedule 1 drug

1972- Richard Nixon appointed the national Commission on Marijuana and Drug Use (Shafer Commission)

- The commission recommended decriminalizing cannabis, but Nixon rejected the findings. In the following years, 11 states decriminalized certain amounts of cannabis.

1975- USA began spraying herbicide paraquat over Mexican cannabis fields
This backfired as crops that went indoors or underground where the clothes conditions resulted in increased breeding for high THC content

predicated on the idea that drug use harm society and causes crime, violence, poverty Etc

1983 DARE program launched as a "demand side" intervention to the War on Drugs
results of the War on Drugs

"just say no" campaign

In the late 70s and 80s, this campaign fought the new levels of poverty, crime, & drug addiction in the inner cities.

USA 5% of the world's population and 25% of world's prison population

- disproportionately targeted people of colour
- 10 times more likely to be arrested for drug possession but used drugs at nearly 50% compared to white people
- police more likely to patrol and target non-white communities

examples:
- mandatory minimum prison sentencing for crack cocaine versus powder cocaine
longer sentences
- stronger, more potent drugs now dominate Black Market
- 2017 drug overdose rate surpassed car wreck fatalities as the leading cause of death behind
- drug use and violent crime have actually increased

California legalizes medical cannabis use

- federally cannabis still a schedule 1 drug even to the present day

Washington and Colorado legalize cannabis recreational use

- resulting in a flourishing cannabis industry

the first prohibition on drugs in Canada

cannabis is not yet popular in Canada

prohibition influenced by International conferences and activism from figures such as Emily Murphy, who wrote the Black Candle

Emily Murphy- her book, full of anti-drug sentiments (often fuelled by explicit racism), deemed cannabis as the "new menace"

One of Canada's drug control acts repealed in 1996. it prohibits The Possession and trafficking of Narcotics, including cannabis.

a royal commission appointed to study the non-medical use of drugs in the 1960's

- under prime minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau

- the commission's goal was to investigate the use of non medical cannabis in Canada

- The commission recommends decriminalization cannabis possession and cultivation for personal use

Terry Parker- Parker had a blood see and began treating his ailment with cannabis after he noticed it stopped the seizures. He was arrested for possession, cultivation and trafficking in 1996, but appealed to the Charter that cannabis was necessary for his " life, liberty and security". he won his case about the use of cannabis began to change.

Federal legislation addressing Canada's drug laws, including a classification system for drugs.
- Legal access to marijuana for medicinal purposes is first provided

the Canadian court of appeal ruled the prohibition of cannabis for medical use to be unconstitutional

the MMAR allowed Canadians to use cannabis as a medicine but it had no DIN (drug identification number)

DIN- is the 8 digit number located on the label of prescription and over-the-counter drug products that have been evaluated by the therapeutic products directorate (TPD) and approved for sale in Canada

establishes conditions for the medicinal cannabis industry

Law creating a strict legal framework for controlling the production, distribution, sale, and possession of cannabis across Canada

- Canada became the second nation in the world to legalize recreational cannabis, following Uruguay

- A key promise from prime minister Justin Trudeau's election run. his father, Pierre Trudeau, was also known to support the recreational use of cannabis

- keep cannabis out of the hands of Youth
- keep profits out of the pockets of criminals
- protect public health and safety by allowing adults access to Legal cannabis

further outlines include regulations for

1.) protecting Public Health- strict regulation for distributors and growers

2.) protecting youth
- age restrictions
- prohibiting youths involvement in all cannabis activity
- restricting promotion an enticement towards minors

3.) education
- the government committed 46 million dollars over the next five years to increasing public awareness of the associated risks

possess up to 30 grams of legal cannabis in public

share up to 30 grams of legal cannabis with other adults

buy dried or fresh cannabis and cannabis oil from a provincially licensed retailer

grow from licensed seed or seedlings up to 4 cannabis plants per residence for personal use

make cannabis products, such as food and drinks, at home without organic solvents

it is illegal to be carrying cannabis even without THC when:

- entering or leaving Canada

- travelling within Canada, depending on age variations between provinces

- legal age is 19 for all provinces and territories except Alberta (18) and Quebec (21)

regulating distribution and sale within their jurisdictions

They can impose stricter regulations, such as raising the minimum age or lowering The Possession amount

Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission

Protects the safety of all albertans by providing trustworthy sources for their cannabis and limiting the illegal cannabis Market

the aglc buys cannabis from the federal government, and then distributes it either to private vendors or directly online to their website

sold exclusively online

where cannabis smoking/vaping is allowed

standardized field sobriety test- checking eyes, movement, asking questions

Drager 5000: a federally approved oral fluid testing kit that gives results in minutes

- a growing industry
- considered part of the multibillion-dollar pharmaceutical industry
- unknown total worldwide sales (still mainly illicit)
- prospects of legalization has been attractive to investors
- in 2016, Canada sales (excluding hemp) in North America were estimated around 6.7 billion dollars

Revenue from the sale and taxation of cannabis can serve as a proxy measure for cannabis use

- non medical: hundreds of billions
- medial: tens of billions
- refined pharmaceuticals: billions

- oilseed: hundreds of millions
- fibre: tens of millions
- biomass: hundreds of thousands

- phytoremediation: tens of thousands
- ornamental: thousands

false.

United States
2002 to 2017- cannabis use increased from 10.4% to 15.3%, daily/ nearly daily use increase from 1.9% to 4.2%

Canada
2004 to 2017- cannabis use increase from 9.4% to 14.8%

1.) supply and demand: not outcompeting the black market
2.) industrial stigma

Lots went wrong:

1.) long process of getting sales license

2.) supply and demand

3.) labour shortages
- aphria ( a cannabis company) destroyed 14000 plants worth \$979,000
- thriving Black Market- stats Canada estimates 38%; 14%

4.) mediocre product quality

5.) uncompetitive pricing
- average \$10.23ram compared to \$5.59ram on the illegal market

- scandals of certain companies

6.) "Gold Rush"- cutting corners, violations
- large companies like canopy growth and Aurora wanted to be first to market to capture the market share

a well-established retail cannabis Market existed in Canada prior to legalization

- 185 vendors in Vancouver prior to legalization

- they could be found through sites like WeedMaps

- at the time, it was decriminalized so there was no legal risk to Consumers who purchase on black market

- many people already had dealers

- cost and quality of legal cannabis products is not always better

- Three Canadians brought cannabis from the new black market for every two who brought from the legal Market
industrial stigma

"core stigma"- the very nature of business is stigmatized
difficult to start a business/ find resources (e.g. Obtain loans)


A few methods to deal with this
- distancing from recreational use of the black market
- " squeaky clean" showcasing of stores / dispensaries

In 2018 - 2019, Canadian spend \$1.2 billion on cannabis
- that first year, the government made only \$18 million from Cannabis sales tax, despite rejecting \$35 million dollar profit

for 2019 - 2020, the government estimated that they would hit only two-thirds of their \$100 million dollar goal with \$66 million in taxes

hoarding, increase online sales and bargains
move to Edibles, oils and tinctures because wary of inhaled products

increased buying of CBD because of Health ( enhanced immune system)

lack of employment will be to demand for lower prices
telemedicine ( caring for patients remotely)

1.) legal cultivator/producers
2.) consumers
3.) regulators
4.) industry trade associations
5.) ancillary companies
6.) researchers, universities, and medical community
7.) investors (e.g. pharmaceutical companies)

" Growers"

maintain requirements to grow healthy plants: warmth, light, growth medium, water, humidity, nutrients

users: generic term used in industry for anyone who consumed / use medical and or recreational cannabis

- older age
- low income
- low-alcohol use
- perceive cannabis to be beneficial for multiple conditions
- problematic cannabis use: predicted by several symptoms of psychological disorders (e.g. depression) and a variety of use motives (e.g. coping)
- likely reported to be helpful with psychological symptoms (e.g. traumatic intrusions, social anxiety)

commonly used across all age groups
more likely to be younger
use usually starts in adolescence
regulators
- purpose

purpose- to ensure Health products are safe
goal of ensuring safety and integrity in cannabis products
- Health Canada
- Food and Drug admin (USA)

lab testing
- ensure quality control
- analytical chemistry
- e.g. Mass spectrometry

main concerns
- regulating THC/CBD concentrations
- increase THC cannabis; decreasing CBD over past 20 years
- Edibles consumption in children
- quality control ( content accuracy)
- limiting youth consumption (under age 25)
industry trade associations
- purpose

purpose: to Lobby government to change / support laws in favour of Industry
- National cannabis industry Association
- largest Trade Organization

aim: to advance the interests of the legitimate and responsible cannabis industry
- several others exist (e.g. cannabis business Alliance)

companies that don't touch the plant
- equipment, banking, packaging, paraphernalia, security, software
- increase of publicly traded companies

historically limited research and University involvement
- tightly controlled by the DEA

increase acceptance of legitimate field of study

University of Mississippi- longest-standing cannabis research program in the U.S. ( over 52 years old)

2017 - Northern Michigan University medicinal plant chemistry program
- more course offerings become available

- main players
- Pharmaceutical
- manufacturers / Growers
- ancillary companies

The intent of smoking is to heat the Cannabis to the point of combustion, to decarb activate the cannabinoids

The smoke is done inhaled and cannabinoids taken into the bloodstream through the lungs

- cannabis rolled in paper to be combusted and inhaled

- joints are the most common way globally to consume cannabis

- while adding tobacco (spliff) is not common in North America, it is very popular in other countries (Europe and Australia)

Joints consist of a rolling paper, a filter, and dried ground cannabis

cannabis-filled cigar cells that are typically shared by a small group of users
- consist of an empty church cigar shell filled with dried cannabis, sealed by a flame

- Blunts are more popular among African-American and Hispanic demographics

- the majority of users (71%) smoke blunts without tobacco, although a substantial amount (29%) of users report smoking blunts with tobacco

- blunts often contain 1.5x the amount of cannabis compared to joints

- The smoke from combusted Cannabis is pulled through the water before inhalation, with a device often made of glass or plastic

- Bongs consist of a mouthpiece, chamber, stem and Bowl

- cannabis is packed in the bowl and combusted with a lighter

- smoke is inhaled through the stem to the chamber by inhaling through the mouthpiece

smaller handheld devices (often glass) that include a bowl and short stem

- pipe consists of a mouthpiece, stem and Bowl

- cannabis is packed in the bowl and combusted with a lighter

- pipes are handheld like joints, and paperless like bongs

a device often made of glass or plastic, that combines elements from the bong and the pipe. Bubblers are handheld and often have carbs (a little hole on the side) like pipes, but filters smoke through water, like bongs

Method that employs bottles and water to push smoke into the consumer's lungs with the help of gravity

0.5% of users reported using a gravity bong as their main method of consuming marijuana

a method where a small amount of cannabis is rolled to create a spot. The spot is heated between two hot knives and the smoke released is inhaled

Uptake is almost immediate and effects last for two to four hours
- portable
- popular

negative effects for the lungs
- coughing, wheezing, sputum production, reduced pulmonary function or bronchodilation
- odour
- only 25-27% available THC is absorbed when smoking joints

- globally, 71.7% of users report using joints as their main method of consuming cannabis

- 31.8% of Canadians report having used a joint without tobacco, with 10.9% reporting using with tobacco

- Uptake is the same as joints
- associated with sharing and smoking and groups
- provides additional psychoactive effects from the tobacco

- has the same disadvantages as joints
- associated with higher absorption of CO than joints
- associated with higher levels of dependence
- includes the negative effects of tobacco

- globally, 2% of users report using blunts as their main method of consuming cannabis

- The water pipe does remove some toxins, residues and chemicals, especially when used with a filter
- the chamber can be filled with ice, allowing the smoke too cool for a smoother and hail

- produces higher levels of CO and tar
- associated with dependency and other drug use
- water filters out THC, resulting in more smoke inhaled to achieve the same high

- 15.1% of Canadian users said they had to use a bong without tobacco

- portable
- reusable
- there are no traces of burnt glue or paper in the smoke as found with joints

- there is no filter and a short stem, increasing the probability of inhaling ash and producing harsher hits
- has the same disadvantages as joints, although less THC is wasted from constant burning

- in Canada, 0.2% of users report having used a pipe with tobacco, and 18.7% report having used a pipe without tobacco
- globally, 8.6% of users report using pipes as their main method of consuming Cannabis.
94.2% used without tobacco, and 5.8% used with tobacco

joints, bongs, pipes, blunts

Vaping uses a vaporizer to activate cannabinoids and terpenes for inhalation with water vapour through electronic convection or conduction Heating

the key to vaping is that it heats cannabinoids right to the point of activation (vaporization) but it is not hot enough to combust the cannabis, like smoking
vaporizers

vaporizers can either heat dried flower or cannabis oil, concentrates and waxes

types of vaporizers:
- portable flower (bud) vaporizers (vapes or pens)

- portable oil, concentrate or wax vaporizers (vapes or pens)

- fixed desktop vaporizers

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Vaping works by packing cannabis into a device that heats the flower or oil to a temperature that vaporizes the cannabinoids, but lower than the temperature where cannabis burns

- The heat activates the cannabinoids and terpenes, which are the main ingredients in cannabis

- What is produced is vapor which has them and hailed from the mouthpiece of the vape

- 350-375 degrees Fahrenheit

- Generally, with vaporizers, the lower heat keeps the flavour of the terpenes (or the essential oils of the plant) while higher heat creates a thicker vapour

- conduction
- convection

- the cannabinoids are activated through direct contact with a heated surface

the cannabinoids are activates as heated air passes over and around the cannabis

pros:
cheap and simple

ready to use immediately

the technology is improving and catching up to convection heating


cons:

a heating surface means the cannabis will be unevenly heated (may have to shake)

less precise temperature control

pros:
even heating distribution
more accurate temperature control

cons:
more expensive
takes time to heat up
Vaporization temperatures

terpenes and cannabinoids vaporize at different temperatures

high-end Vapes will allow users to change the temperature of their device to get the most out of their strain

the vaporization point is different from the decarboxylation point. It is not the point of activation, but the boiling point where the cannabinoid is vaporized

combustion occurs at 451 degrees Fahrenheit and smoking temperatures can get all the way up to 4000 degrees Fahrenheit

can be discreet in look, size, vapour produced, and odour

has a similar uptake of cannabis as combustion, with less polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tars and carbon monoxide

provides a more efficient extraction of CBD and THC

more consistent in Heating and delivery than smoking

this is a new technology, with unknown long-term effects

has been found to produce Trace volatile compounds, especially when used with unregulated cannabis

requires more tools that are often expensive, and can be complex

vaping related illnesses that are potentially fatal
Vaping prevalence
- more common in which gender

more common among men than women and more common for medicinal use than recreational use

5.6% of users say that vaping is their main route of administration

4.7% of Youth in Canada reported vaping any type of cannabis

in Canada, 19% of past 30-day users vaped dried herb while 18.6% vaped oil or liquid

14% of cannabis users say they have used a vaporizer to smoke cannabis and 26% have used a pen (range of 13-45% by province)

Vapor consists mostly of cannabinoids, with only Trace Amounts of other compounds and less carbon monoxide or other gases toxin content, suggesting that vaporizing natural cannabis may be a cleaner route of administration

other Studies have confirmed a better THC-to-byproduct ratio from vaporized and from combusted cannabis. For instance, in an exploratory study assessing the tar-to-cannabinoid ratio from natural cannabis produced by 7 different inhalation devices, only the vaporizers achieved an improved ratio

despite these potential benefits, the vapour from some vaporizers has also been found to produce Trace volatile compounds, such as ammonia, and some experimental studies, especially if used with Street (obtained) cannabis products, indicating that regulated (for Purity) cannabis may be needed to maximize potential health benefits

- EVALI
- VARDS

e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury

symptoms include:

respiratory symptoms, including cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain
gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, or diarrhea
nonspecific constitutional symptoms, like fever, chills, or weight loss

more severe and life-threatening than EVALI

symptoms include:

all the diagnosis criteria from EVALI, plus:
just image in your studies with new and otherwise unexplained lung of abnormalities and acute hypoxemia

deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

- Vitamin E acetate

- THC

- other toxicants

a chemical often used as a thickener and THC vaping oils

- listed as a "chemical of concern" by the CDC in November 2019 after they found it to be present in all 29 of their tested lung fluid samples. Most of 29 patients reported vaping THC oil, and 16 of 26 samples tested positive for nicotine

- in a recent study, vitamin E acetate was identified and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was obtained from 48 of 51 case-patients (94%), and THC was found in 47 of 50 case-patients

- however, vitamin E acetate is not found in every case of EVALI or VARDS, so there must be other chemicals at play

- once said he even found that 14% of tested vape pens contained only nicotine

National and state data from patient reports and product sample testing show THC containing e-cigarettes or vaping products, and particularly from informal sources like friends, family, or in-person or online dealers are linked to most EVALI cases and play a major role in the outbreak

- CDC and FDA recommended that people not use THC-containing E-cigarette, or vaping, products particularly from informal sources like friends, family, or in-person or online dealers

- vitamin E acetate should not be added to any e-cigarette, or vaping, products. Additionally, people should not add any other substances not intended by the manufacturer to products, including products purchased through retail establishments.


*** THC is most likely being the link to EVALI and VARDS due to the chemicals added into the oils for vaping. THC itself, being linked to lung diseases seems less probable, as there have been no cases from users with dry herb vaporizers

other toxicants that are being researched for their potential contribution to vaping lung diseases are:

coconut oil
limonene
plant oils
medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil
petroleum distillates
diluent terpenes

the inhalation of cannabinoids released from conductively heated cannabis concentrates (THCA Crystalline, rosin, butane hash oil as shatter, wax, sap)
- a dab is a single dose of an incredibly potent cannabis concentrate (extracted trichomes)

Rig: the rig's tail is heated with a blowtorch until hot (typically above 752 degrees F) and the job is placed on the nail. The released vapour is inhaled through the water pipe.

E-nail: the dab is electronically heated through conduction

a dab is a single dose of an incredibly potent cannabis concentrate (extracted trichomes)
- this is extracted from the Cannabis through a number of processes, including ones that use water, heat, carbon dioxide, and most commonly, butane


the dab is vaporized on a hot surface and the vapour inhaled

dabbing vapor may be as potent as '60-99% THC, as compared to the highest lab test in cannabis buds which in their natural form might contain 25-30% THC'

Very highly concentrated, so fewer hits required

the process can make use of the less potent parts of the cannabis plant

isolates the desired cannabinoids for consumption, elevating the inhalation of other carpal properties in the Cannabis, including any mold, fungi, or bacteria

Incredibly potent, could lead to undesired psychoactive effects

the blasting extraction process has a possibility of burns or explosions

the consumption process has a possibility of burns (blow torch)

associated with dependency

if not evaporated properly, trace contaminants could be left in the product

In 2017, 0.9% of cannabis was used in BHO form

Foods infused with cannabis

drinks infused with cannabis

Edibles have a slower uptake than smoking, but the high can last up to 8 hours
this is why a lot of people overdo it with Edibles, they don't wait before consuming more

when cannabis is ingested, it goes through the liver, which converts Delta 9-THC into the more psychoactive 11- hydroxy-THC

smoking causes heats and converts the chemical compositions of cannabinoids at 800 degrees celsius
THCA -> Delta-9-THC

pathway: lungs -> bloodstream -> CNS

this is why the effects of smoking cannabis are much faster acting

when ingesting edibles, the marijuana is heated to roughly 150 degrees C which means that a lot of the plant is not combusted

THC is not water-soluble so it needs to be dissolved into something fatty like oil or butter

once this substance is ingested, the drug takes longer to take effect because it takes longer to be digested through the gut
but the high typically lasts longer (4-8 hours) and can be more intense

that is because the THC is metabolized by the liver before entering the bloodstream

1.) so you get higher because you get both Delta-9-THC and 11- hydroxy-THC

2.) and because less of the cannabinoids are being combusted

THCA -> Delta 9-THC -> 11-hydroxy-THC which is a lot more potent and fast-acting in the CNS

cannabinoids are soluble and fat, so the most common way to make edibles is to First make cannabis-infused butter: Cannabutter
Making cannabutter:

to activate the cannabinoids, you must first heat your cannabis. This is called decarbing

ingestion of Edibles accounts for three-quarters of all cannabis-related exposures in children

education

regulated Edibles in Canada must be sold in child-resistant packaging with a standardized cannabis symbol and dose, and should be stored and locked locations in households with children

capsules containing cannabis (dried flower or oil) that are ingested orally

an orally ingested oil that contains a high concentration of activated cannabinoids

like cannabutter, oils and capsules are liquids with active cannabinoids. As such, they work in the same way as Edibles. Oils can be added to drinks or food.
fresh cannabis
- is it growing in popularity

Eating/drinking cannabis: the ingestion of fresh cannabis leaves, commonly in smoothies, for reported (uninvestagated) health benefits
This method is gaining popularity, although the research behind it is lacking
Fresh cannabis has been anecdotally praised for helping reduce tumours and improve fertility
fresh cannabis is not decarbed - so does not produce a high

- Odorless, portable and discrete
- avoids the risks associated with inhalation
-Delivers a different psychoactive experience that some may enjoy more
-Long lasting effects (up to 8 hours)
- Tasty
- legalization provides more consistency with potency

- delayed onset (0.5-2 hours) that may cause some to increase their intake, resulting in overdose or believing themselves to be sober and attempted driving, operating machinery excetera

- hard to regulate dosage due to uneven distribution of cannabinoids within the food

- potential packaging misinformation / mislabelling

- attractive to young children

- edible users are more likely to visit the hospital than cannabis smokers for: (3)
acute psychiatric conditions (18% vs 10.9%) such a psychosis and anxiety
cardiovascular symptoms
intoxication

- 1.7% of cannabis users said that they used Edibles as their main route of administration
- 42% of Canadian users in 2018 reported using edibles, up from 34% in 2017
- Dalhousie University survey has revealed that 45% of Canadians are interested in cooking with cannabis, while interest in Edibles has fallen to 36% from 46% in 2017

- Similar Pros to edibles (long lasting effects)
- pre-measured, exact doses (capsules)
- easy to titrate doses (oil)

- similar cons to edibles ( slow uptake, long-lasting effects)

gaining in popularity and growing increasingly more available

- Increase as possible intake of cannabinoids, which are said to boost immune system
- no psychoactive effects
- anecdotal evidence suggests raw cannabinoids may potentially help many ailments

- limited studies on the effectiveness of this method
- requires access to fresh cannabis plant
- no psychoactive effects

0.5% of users report consuming fresh juice/ smoothies

are alcohol-based cannabis extracts. They can be administered sublingually and by ingestion.

a cannabis product that is employed under the tongue to be absorbed into the bloodstream


can come in the form of sprays, strips, lozenges, tablets, etc.

cannabinoids are absorbed directly into the bloodstream providing effects within 15-45 minutes

peak high will occur about 90 minutes after used

It is much easier to titrate proper doses with tinctures than with infused edibles. The cannabutter may be distributed poorly

when consumed orally, tinctures have a different effect because they go through the liver

- are becoming more popular because they can be added to food to make perfectly titrated edibles

- Titration allows for precise measurement of the perfect amount of THC for every individual person
is why chefs prefer cooking with tinctures or oils instead of cannabutter

Oils and capsules differ from tinctures in that oils in capsules use Active cannabinoids and then a carrier oil

Tinctures on the other hand is cannabis soaked in alcohol, so the cannabinoids and the non-cannabinoids are infused

however both oils and tinctures can both be taken orally and contain THC (create psychoactive effects)

products made from oils or other extracts from the cannabis plant that are applied to the skin. Includes creams, or ointments, oils, balms, bath salts, personal lubricants, and more
research is limited as to if cannabinoids are actually absorbed through the skin

a study found that topical application of cannabis help you might heal faster from skin allergies

Research has discovered that the permeation of CBD and CBN was found to be tenfold higher than for Delta-8-THC

a patch that, when apply to a venous part of the body, allows cannabinoids to enter the bloodstream

patches can supposedly be psychoactive or non-psychoactive depending on the customer's needs but topical applications of THC do not have the same effects as smoking or ingesting

they can isolate cannabinoids like CBD, CBN, THC, and THCA

products that allow cannabinoids to be absorbed rectally (or in some cases vaginally)

Delta 9-THC is not absorbed rectally

however, the prodrug (inactive until metabolized) Delta 9-THC-hemisuccinate is absorbed rectally

the rectal route has a decreased first-pass metabolism, allowing 52 - 61% of Delta9-THC-hemisuccinate to be absorbed

the opposite happens when Delta 9-THC is transformed into 11-Hydroxy-THC in the liver
Cannabis suppositories are being looked into for helping period cramps

: the potency of the drug is greatly reduced when metabolized before it reaches systematic circulation

cannabinoids injected directly into the bloodstream

experimental settings