Chapter 19

The maximum population that the environment can support for an indefinite period of time is called the
biotic potential.
environmental resistance.
demographic transition.
carrying capacity.
replacement reproduction.

In an Asian rice paddy, carp eat decaying material from around the base of rice plants while a snail scrapes algae from the leaves, stems, and roots of the same plant. They can survive at the same time in the same rice paddy because they
use the same resources but occupy different habitats.
work according to the competitive exclusion principle.
occupy the same habitat and use the same resources.
occupy different habitats and use the resources differently.
occupy the same habitat but use the resources differently.

There are two organisms with overlapping ranges and filling a similar niche. We find that where their niches overlap, there is twice the competition for resources. This leads to
a switch in habitat for one of the organisms.
competitive exclusion.
speciation.
total extinction of one species.
hypervolume.

A population with rapidly expanding exponential growth would be best represented by a graph with a(n) ________-shaped curve.
bell
J
S
pyramid
urn

nteraction between two species in which one feeds on the other is
predation.
a community.
an ecosystem.
competition.
symbiosis.

Which of the following is correct when describing a predator-prey cycle?
A decline in the number of predators causes a decline in the number of prey.
A decline in the number of prey causes a decline in the number of predators.
An up-and-down cycle will be seen for the prey animal.
An increase in the number of predators triggers an increase in the number of prey.
A seasonal die-off will occur without the other species present.

In large natural ecosystems, competition between two species over time will usually result in
equal numbers of each species persisting for a long time.
death of all the members of one species within a short time.
each species occupying a slightly different niche.
hybridization between the two species, resulting in a third species.
alternating high numbers of each species as they constantly evolve mechanisms to out-compete each other.

A population age structure diagram in which the birthrate is less than the death rate and the post-reproductive group is the largest would be best represented by a graph with a(n)
S-shaped curve.
urn shape.
pyramid shape.
bell shape.
J-shaped curve.

A population age structure diagram in which the birthrate is high and the population is mainly young would be best represented by a graph with a(n)
S-shaped curve.
J-shaped curve.
bell shape.
pyramid shape.
urn shape.

Interaction between two species as both attempt to use the same environmental resources is
a community.
competition.
symbiosis.
an ecosystem.
predation.

Secondary succession will start with bare ground that is lacking any type of soil.
True
False

The maximum population that the environment can support for an indefinite period of time is called the
biotic potential.
environmental resistance.
demographic transition.
carrying capacity.
replacement reproduction.

Human populations have what type of survivorship curve?
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV

Which of the following is best at showing the life expectancy of an individual within a population?
quadrat
mark and recapture
survivorship curve
life table

An intimate relationship between two different species is called
symbiosis.
competition.
predation.
a community.
an ecosystem.

The maximum population that the environment can support for an indefinite period of time is called the
biotic potential.
environmental resistance.
demographic transition.
carrying capacity.
replacement reproduction.

A form of symbiosis in which one participant benefits and the other apparently is not benefited nor harmed is
mutualism.
parasitism.
coevolution.
commensalism.
symbiosis.

Primary succession takes much longer than secondary succession because it involves
colonization by organisms that are farther away.
time for weathering of rock and development of the soil horizons.
redevelopment of the atmospheric gases.
more time for development of a seed bank.
colonization by more equilibrium species.

A forest fire is an example of ________ regulation.
K-selected
r-selected
density-dependent
desnsity-independent

ou are on vacation in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and you observe that a massive forest fire has burned all the trees off the side of the mountain and sterilized the soil, leaving no topsoil. The type of succession that occurs following this type of fire is
primary succession.
facilitated succession.
tertiary succession.
secondary succession.
primary soil leaching.

A population age structure diagram in which the birthrate is less than the death rate and the post-reproductive group is the largest would be best represented by a graph with a(n)
S-shaped curve.
urn shape.
pyramid shape.
bell shape.
J-shaped curve.

The unique set of resources used by a species, including its interactions with other species, is called its
habitat.
ecological niche.
abiotic role.
ecology.
biotic role.

Which of the following would allow optimal population growth?
limited access to food and water
unlimited resources
predation
accumulation of waste products
competition

Population growth rate would be negative when
a country becomes poorer, because it is related to economic growth.
better health care reduces the death rate and increases survivorship of newborns.
birthrate is greater than death rate.
death rate is greater than birthrate.
all couples are married but average less than two children apiece.

Consider the life of the praying mantis. The large predatory female lays several hundred eggs in a foam mass in the fall. The young are most vulnerable when they emerge in the spring, but the few that survive spread out over the countryside and, if they find a mate, lay eggs the following fall. Which type of survivorship curve does this represent?
type III
maximal exponential growth and minimal use of carrying capacity
type II
type I
exponential growth followed by a decline from resource depletion

Age structure diagrams with a broad base suggest that
there are many older individuals in a population.
the population will continue to grow for some time.
environmental resistance is not at work.
the biotic potential must be larger than usual.
the individuals must be larger than usual.

Which of the following describes a type III survivorship curve (drawn by plotting the number of individuals in a given population alive at the beginning of each age interval)?
Individuals die at a constant rate throughout time.
Many individuals die early in life.
Most individuals die before old age, but after their reproductive years.
Most individuals die of old age.
Most individuals die during their reproductive years.

Similar species occupying slightly different niches in the same community is shown by
the presence of carp in polluted waters in the United States.
removal of a starfish species from intertidal communities in Washington.
competition between two species of barnacles in Scotland, resulting in one living in the intertidal zone and the other living below this species.
fluctuation of the snowshoe hare and lynx populations in Canada.
killing dingoes in Australia or coyotes in the American West.

Which of the following is NOT an anti-predator defense mechanism?
The large eyespots on a moth's wing are exposed abruptly to startle a hungry bird.
Many plants have brightly colored fruit and flowers.
Plant chemicals, including coffee and tea caffeine, make caterpillars sick or jittery.
Many trees, vines, and shrubs have stems lines with long thorns.
Prairie dog towns always have several prairie "watchdogs" to alert them of approaching hawks and snakes.

Which of the following is not a way that humans have increased the carrying capacity of the environment?
agriculture
using large amounts of natural resources
domestication of animals
use of language

A symbiotic relationship where both of the co-existing species benefit from the interaction is called ___.
commensalism
parasitism
mutualism
communism

During mutualism, one species benefits while the other is harmed.
True
False

Which of the following methods will provide information to an ecological about both the size and density of a population?
mark and recapture
mark and release
quadrat
life table

Which type of country has the greatest proportion of young individuals?
economically developed
economically underdeveloped
countries with zero population growth
countries in Europe

A country with zero population growth is likely to be ________.
in Africa
in Asia
economically developed
economically underdeveloped

Species that have many offspring at one time are usually ___.
density-dependent
desnsity-independent
r-selected
K-selected

Which is NOT a density-dependent factor?
shelter or nest space
food supply
disease
predators
weather

Which term describes the concept that no two species can have the same "job" in the community at the same time?
symbiosis
density-dependent factor
mimicry
competitive exclusion
habitat

The outbreak of a disease, such as the bubonic plague, that kills large numbers of people in a city is an example of
a density-independent factor.
a density-dependent factor.
a symbiotic relationship.
predation.
a commensalistic factor.

When growth proceeds at a rate similar to 2 → 4 → 8 → 16 → 32 → 64...etc., it is called
additive growth.
arithmetic growth.
carrying capacity.
zero population growth.
exponential growth.

Which of the following describes a type I survivorship curve (drawn by plotting the number of individuals in a given population alive at the beginning of each age interval)?
Many individuals die early in life.
Most individuals die during their reproductive years.
Most individuals die of old age.
Individuals die at a constant rate throughout time.
Most individuals die before old age, but after their reproductive years.

A form of symbiosis in which both participants benefit is
commensalism.
predation.
competition.
parasitism.
mutualism.

A small marine amphipod has recently been discovered that carries another organism on its back. The "backpack" organism tastes bad. If a fish ingests the pair, it immediately spits them back out. If the amphipod is alone, however, it is readily eaten and swallowed. There is no apparent benefit in this relationship for the "backpack" organism, which appears to be neither helped nor harmed. This is therefore a case of
predation.
commensalism.
competitive exclusion.
mutualism.
parasitism.

The population size of a species capable of being supported by the environment is called its ___.
limit
carrying capacity
biotic potential
logistic growth pattern

Species with limited resources usually exhibit a(n) ___ growth curve.
logistic
logical
experimental
exponential

Which of the following is not a way that humans have increased the carrying capacity of the environment?
agriculture
using large amounts of natural resources
domestication of animals
use of language