Chapter 16

Which organ of the digestive tract functions to store food, kill bacteria, and partially digest proteins?
stomach
large intestine
esophagus
mouth
small intestine

Which of the following will NOT increase the risk of obesity?
exercise and sensible diet
sedentary activities
body fat content above 20% ideal body weight
poor eating habits as a family
excessive intake of fatty foods

The tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the
loop of the nephron (loop of Henle).
collecting duct.
proximal convoluted tubule.
urethra.
ureter.

The body is unable to make any amino acids so all 20 of them must be acquired from a balanced diet.
True
False

When you drink coffee, which is more acidic than your bloodstream, the pH of your blood drops.
True
False

Which part of the respiratory system is composed of C-shaped cartilaginous rings and cilia?
larynx
alveoli
bronchioles
pharynx
trachea

The vocal box is properly called the
larynx.
nose.
pharynx.
lungs.
bronchi.

Which association is NOT correct?
larynx—voice box
hair and mucus—nasal passages
trachea—windpipe
pharynx—vocal cords
alveoli—gas exchange

Which of the following statements does not correctly describe inward air movement along the respiratory tract?
Food and air both enter the pharynx, presenting a potential danger to respiration.
Air reaching the lungs has been warmed to body temperature by passage through the nose and upper respiratory system.
Cilia and hairs in the nose help to screen out foreign particles in the air.
The bronchi serve as passageways into the trachea.

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood occurs by the process of
diffusion.
ionic bonding.
filtration.
active transport.
osmosis.

Where are the adrenal glands located?
near the kidneys
near the gonads
near the pancreas
near the thyroid gland
near the posterior pituitary

When Rebekah went in to deliver her first child, her labor did not progress. The doctors gave her a hormone to speed the birthing process. Which hormone did they give her?
epinephrine
ADH
HGH
oxytocin
prolactin

Glucagon stimulates the liver to take up glucose in order to store it as glycogen.
True
False

The endocrine system is the only system that is involved in coordinating and regulating the functioning of all the body's other systems.
True
False

Which endocrine glands are associated with the kidneys?
thyroid glands
pituitary glands
adrenal glands
gonads

About 12 to 24 hours after the last meal, a person’s blood sugar level normally varies from 60 to 90 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood, although it may rise to 130 mg per 100 ml after meals high in carbohydrates. That the blood sugar level is maintained within a fairly narrow range, despite uneven intake of sugar, is due to the body’s ability to carry out ___.
adaptation
homeostasis
inheritance
metabolism
All of these are correct.

In which direction does a nerve impulse usually move?
axon → dendrite → cell body
cell body → dendrite → axon
dendrite → axon → cell body
axon → cell body → dendrite
dendrite → cell body → axon

The knee is classified as a ___ joint.
immovable
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

The membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord are called
meninges.
cerebrospinal membranes.
ventricles.
epithelium.
gray matter.

Which description best fits the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and motor commands to the muscles and glands
consists of the brain and spinal cord, located on the peripheral aspect of the body
None of the answers are descriptions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
nerves that carries motor commands to the CNS and sensory messages to the muscles and glands
consists of the brain and spinal cord, located in the midline of the body

How are wastes carried to the kidney for removal?
in cells
in the urine
in blood
in interstitial fluid

The portion of the kidney which connects to the ureter is the
renal medulla.
renal cortex.
glomerulus.
renal pelvis.
nephron.

The main function of the esophagus is to
transport food from the small intestine to the large intestine.
digest carbohydrates.
transport food from the mouth to the stomach.
digest proteins.
transport food from the stomach to the large intestine.

Water is absorbed primarily by the
anal canal.
stomach.
large intestine.
esophagus.
duodenum.

Each kidney has about one thousand structural units called nephrons.
True
False

Some very important persons such as Japanese Emperor Hirohito and China's Premier Zhou Enlai were kept alive during their last days by many transfusions of blood. Without knowing further details of their ailments, which of the following functions most likely provided the most significant contribution to keeping them alive?
supplement of hormone levels
provision of immune antibodies
provision of albumin and fibrinogen
provision of organic nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fats
oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

Why is it advantageous to have blood move slowly in the capillaries?
It creates a greater osmotic pressure for cells.
It will not cause damage to the valves.
It maintains the high pressure in the capillaries.
It is the major way to control blood pressure.
It provides time for substances to be exchanged between blood and tissue fluids.

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
veins
arteries
venules
lymph vessels
capillaries

Which is the order of airflow during inhalation?
nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli
nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli

Oversecretion of thyroid hormone results in
Graves disease.
Cushing syndrome.
acromegaly.
Addison disease.

What hormones produced by the adrenal cortex regulate sodium and water balance?
adrenal steroids
mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone
adrenalins
thymosins
glucocorticoids

What components does respiration include?
only exchange of carbon dioxide in the lungs
only the exchange of carbon dioxide in the tissues
only the exchange of oxygen in the lungs
exchange of gases in the lungs and in the tissues
only the exchange of oxygen in the tissues

Which of the following is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
pectoral girdle
ribs
skull
sternum
vertebrae

Which system is one of the two main body systems that helps maintain homeostasis by regulating other body systems?
lymphatic
digestive
respiratory
cardiovascular
endocrine

Which statement is NOT true about the development of an action potential?
Depolarization occurs when sodium gates open and allow sodium ions to enter the cell.
It requires two types of voltage-gated channels.
Potassium gates open after the sodium gates and allow potassium ions to leave the cell.
The action potential ends when the polarity across the membrane reaches +30 mV.
There is a rapid change in polarity from about -70 mV to about +30 mV.

Dendrites and an axon are parts of a(n)
neuron.
muscle cell.
reproductive cell.
epithelial cell.
cartilage cell.

Which part of the brain is used to integrate incoming information and send it to the appropriate portion of the cerebrum?
hypothalamus
cerebellum
limbic system
thalamus
basal nuclei

Which component is responsible for initially stimulating a muscle contraction?
proteins
electrochemical signals
plasma membranes
striations

Consciousness is best associated with the
cerebral cortex.
cerebellum.
whole brain.
frontal lobe only.
whole central nervous system.

As food is processed and moved through the digestive tract, what is the correct order that it is seen?
bolus → chyme → feces
bolus → feces → chyme
chyme → feces → bolus
feces → bolus → chyme
chyme → bolus → feces

Smoking may increase your risk of lung cancer, but it does not affect the risk of bladder cancer.
True
False

Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the
pharynx.
glottis.
larynx.
sphincter muscle.
epiglottis.

When discussing homeostasis in body temperature, it is NOT true to state that the body responds to
cold by contracting skeletal muscles, causing shivering.
cold by rerouting blood away from the skin.
heat by constricting the blood vessels in the skin.
cold by contracting the arrector pili muscles.
heat by stimulating sweat release.

Which respiratory organ normally allows both air and food passage?
bronchi
pharynx
trachea
nasal cavity
larynx

The systemic circuit circulates blood from the
left ventricle to right atrium.
right ventricle to right atrium.
right ventricle to left atrium.
left ventricle to left atrium.
pulmonary artery to the lungs.

Which of the following statements does not correctly describe inward air movement along the respiratory tract?
Food and air both enter the pharynx, presenting a potential danger to respiration.
Air reaching the lungs has been warmed to body temperature by passage through the nose and upper respiratory system.
Cilia and hairs in the nose help to screen out foreign particles in the air.
The bronchi serve as passageways into the trachea.

The sound of a heartbeat results when the ventricles contract and blood is surged out of the heart.
True
False

The production of hormones is usually controlled in what two ways?
negative feedback and other hormone actions
positive and negative feedback mechanisms
neurosecretions and endocrine gland secretions
positive feedback and cooperative hormones
cooperative hormones and antagonist hormones

Jason is having problems with his metabolic rate. He cannot seem to burn calories and gains weight even on a severely reduced caloric intake. What endocrine gland is probably not involved in this problem?
hypothalamus
thyroid
thymus
pancreas
anterior pituitary

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?
pituitary
salivary glands
adrenal cortex
thyroid
hypothalamus

Which three endocrine glands are affected by hormones from the anterior pituitary?
thymus, parathyroids, pancreas
adrenal cortex, gonads, pineal gland
pineal gland, pancreas, parathyroid
thymus, adrenal cortex, gonads
thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads

Dendrites
are solely responsible for nervous conduction.
carry impulses toward a cell body.
are always myelinated.
are found only in the CNS.
may be several feet in length.

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for vision?
parietal
insular
frontal
temporal
occipital

What is the numerical relationship of glial cells compared to neurons?
Because they are big, one glial cell can serve many neurons, so there are about nine or ten neurons for every glial cell.
There are about an equal number of both; each neuron has a companion glial cell.
The numbers vary widely from animal to animal and depend on the size of the animal.
Brain volume is made of approximately two-thirds neurons and one-third glial cells.
There are about nine or ten glial cells for every neuron.

Which part of the brain is a seahorse-shaped structure deep in the temporal lobe?
occipital area
ganglia
hippocampus
medulla
corpus callosum

Which part of a simple reflex takes the message away from the CNS?
sensory neuron
motor neuron
receptor
effector
interneuron

Which of these organs has contact with food for the least amount of time and does not participate in digestion?
large intestine
esophagus
mouth
stomach
small intestine

In the body, glucose is stored in the liver as
protein.
fat.
amino acids.
starch.
glycogen.

"Goose bumps" are caused by the arrector pili muscles making the hair follicles stand up.
True
False

Which of the following statements is FALSE about homeostasis?
Homeostasis holds fluctuations near to the body's average levels.
Homeostasis is often controlled by negative feedback.
Homeostasis is primarily controlled by the circulatory system.
Homeostasis requires coordination between internal organs.
Homeostasis is controlled by hormones.

If you are tracing the path of blood from the right to the left side of the heart, you must mention the
aorta.
superior vena cava.
inferior vena cava.
lungs.
hepatic portal vein.

Trace the path of an inhaled air molecule.
nasal cavity → pharynx → trachea → larynx → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchioles → bronchi → alveoli
nasal cavity → larynx → trachea → pharynx → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → alveoli → bronchioles

Which portion of the respiratory tract is commonly referred to as the "throat"?
trachea
larynx
glottis
epiglottis
pharynx

A hormone that acts on the brain to signal satiety is
leptin.
melatonin.
prostaglandin.
thymosin.
growth hormone.

Which hormone stimulates the rate at which amino acids enter the cell, increasing protein synthesis?
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
gonadotropic hormone
oxytocin
growth hormone
anti-diuretic hormone

In the past, the parathyroid glands were sometimes mistakenly removed during surgery when another part of the body was removed. Which part was most likely intended to be removed?
thyroid
appendix
tonsils
uterus
adenoids

The sodium-potassium pump is primarily responsible for the
maintenance of isotonic water balance.
excretion of salts.
contraction of muscle fibers.
resting membrane potential.
action potential.

The primary functions of the spinal cord involve
intelligence and memory.
controlling muscle activity and maintaining balance.
reflex actions and communication between the brain and peripheral nerves.
speech, taste, smell, vision, and hearing.
local control and decision making for local anatomy.

An action potential, or nerve impulse, is caused by
the movement of a potassium ion all the way from dendrite to axon tip.
the movement of a sodium ion all the way from dendrite to axon tip.
a change in the difference in sugar molecules on the outer and inner surfaces of the neuron membrane that opens adjacent channels.
the movement of an electron all the way from dendrite to axon tip.
a change in the difference in positive and negative ions on the outer and inner surfaces of the neuron membrane, a change that opens adjacent channels and propagates its flow.

A reflex
does not require the central nervous system.
has no protective value.
involves only sensory neurons.
is normally controlled consciously.
is an automatic, involuntary response.

The functional unit of the kidney is the
nephron.
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
alveoli.
glomerulus.
microvilli.

The pH of the stomach is usually about
2.0.
9.0.
11.0.
4.0.
7.0.

Which organ is not part of the digestive system?
mouth
large intestine
pancreas
esophagus
kidneys

Which blood vessel has the highest concentration of carbon dioxide?
aorta
renal vein
pulmonary artery
hepatic portal vein
pulmonary vein

The bile from the liver is delivered to the ___.
stomach
liver
small intestine
colon

What is the correct sequence in which a drop of blood returning from the body encounters the heart chambers?
right atrium → left atrium → left ventricle → right ventricle
right atrium → right ventricle → left atrium → left ventricle
left ventricle → left atrium → right ventricle → right atrium
right atrium → left ventricle → left atrium → right ventricle
left atrium → left ventricle → right atrium → right ventricle

Most of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary perform what function?
regulate growth
regulate the sleep cycle
regulate production of other hormones
regulate blood pressure and volume

Glands that secrete their products into ducts are classified as
serous glands.
mucous glands.
salivary glands.
exocrine glands.
endocrine glands.

What is the exocrine role of the pancreas?
The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the large intestine.
The pancreas produces glucagon that is taken up by the liver.
The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the small intestine.
The pancreas produces insulin that is secreted into the bloodstream.
The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the stomach.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the human skeleton?
provide a storehouse of minerals
provide a nonliving architecture to build the body around
provide support
provide protection
allow flexible and controlled movement

In contraction
the thick filaments become longer.
neither of the filaments change length.
the thin filaments become shorter.
the thick filaments become shorter.
the thin filaments become longer.

The cerebral cortex (or cerebrum) is the largest portion of the brain in humans.
True
False

When individuals experience fear and pleasure, what part of the brain has been stimulated?
limbic system
reticular activating system
pons
hypothalamus
thalamus

The digestive juices found in the stomach include
trypsin and bile.
bile and acid.
trypsin and pepsin.
amylase and trypsin.
pepsin and acid.

Which of the following statements about the digestive system is false?
Chyme is a mixture of food and digestive juices that is produced in the stomach.
Food enters the large intestine before the small intestine.
In the small intestine, chyme mixes with bile, which emulsifies fats.
The stomach is separated from the small intestine by the pyloric sphincter.

Cortisone is derived from the hormone cortisol that is released from the
parathyroid.
posterior pituitary.
adrenal medulla.
adrenal cortex.
thyroid.

Which part of the brain is used to integrate incoming information and send it to the appropriate portion of the cerebrum?
hypothalamus
cerebellum
limbic system
thalamus
basal nuclei

An impulse traveling up the spinal cord first enters the brain at the
hypothalamus.
thalamus.
cerebrum.
brain stem.
cerebellum.