civil war test essay

The main economic difference was that the South depended on slavery and plantations, while the North was more industrial and diverse.

: The South feared the North would end slavery and their way of life.

The South valued states' rights and local autonomy more than the North.

The South claimed to follow the legacy of the American Revolution, while the North saw them as rebels and traitors.

A: The North supported a flexible Constitution that could change with time, while the South insisted on a strict Constitution that respected their rights.

The main cultural difference was that the North was more diverse and tolerant of different races, religions, and lifestyles, while the South was more homogeneous and conservative in their beliefs and traditions.

The main historical difference was that the North had a longer history of colonization, immigration, and trade, while the South had a shorter history of settlement, expansion, and agriculture.

The main governmental difference was that the North favored a strong central government that could regulate commerce, taxation, and foreign affairs, while the South valued a weak central government that could not interfere with their rights and interests.

The North viewed the South's secession as an illegal and unconstitutional act of rebellion and treason that threatened the integrity and stability of the nation.

The name of the newspaper was The Liberator.

: The main difference was that Garrison thought the Constitution was pro-slavery, while Douglass thought it was anti-slavery.

Tubman helped other slaves escape through the Underground Railroad, a network of secret routes and safe houses.

The name of the town was Harpers Ferry.

A: The American Anti-Slavery Society

A: He wrote a memoir and spoke and wrote for the abolitionist cause

A: She worked as a spy, scout, and nurse

A: He was captured and executed for treason

A: The Free Soil Party

A: The Republican Party

A: The Constitutional Union Party

A: The Democratic Party

A: The Whig Party

A: To prevent the expansion of slavery into the western territories

A: Douglas supported popular sovereignty, which allowed the people of each territory to decide on slavery, while Breckinridge supported federal protection of slavery in all territories

A: The party was divided over slavery and other issues, such as immigration and nativism

A: The party tried to avoid the slavery issue and focus on preserving the Union, but it had little appeal to voters who were more concerned about slavery

A: The party emerged as a major anti-slavery force and won the presidential elections of 1860 and 1864 with Abraham Lincoln

Slavery

States' rights

Sectionalism

The election of 1860

A: The North had a more industrial and diversified economy, while the South relied on agriculture and slave labor

A: They claimed that the states had voluntarily joined the Union, and that they had the right to leave it if they felt their rights were violated

A: The debate over the expansion of slavery into the new territories and states

A: He was seen as a threat to slavery and the Southern way of life, and he did not win any electoral votes from the South

repeating firearms

CSS Virginia, Confederate

Antietam

Ulysses S. Grant

George B. McClellan

CSS Hunley

Bull Run

William T. Sherman

J.E.B. Stuart

George E. Pickett

It ended secession, strengthened federal power, and added three amendments to protect the rights of former slaves.

It boosted industrialization and innovation in the North, but ruined agriculture and increased poverty in the South.

It freed more than four million enslaved people, who gained new opportunities but also faced discrimination and violence.

It gave women new roles and occupations, such as nurses, spies, or soldiers, and challenged gender norms and expectations.

CSS Hunley, Confederate

Answer: Bull Run

William T. Sherman

J.E.B. Stuart

George E. Pickett

Dear Mother,
I am alive and well, but I have seen terrible things. We fought a big battle at Antietam Creek, where thousands of men died. We could not win, and we had to leave our friends behind. I don't know when this war will end, or what will happen to the slaves. I miss you and father very much. Please write to me soon.
Your son,
James

The Emancipation Proclamation

It made the Civil War about slavery and human rights, not just preserving the Union.

Some people in the Union supported it as a moral and military necessity, while others opposed it as a radical and unconstitutional act. Some people in the Confederacy denounced it as a cruel and futile attempt to incite a slave rebellion, while others saw it as a sign of weakness and desperation.

Some enslaved people escaped to join the Union army or navy, where they served as soldiers, sailors, spies, or laborers. Some enslaved people resisted or rebelled against their masters, or sabotaged their plantations.

It intensified the war and made it more important, as both sides fought for their ideals and interests. It also prevented foreign intervention from countries like Britain and France, who were reluctant to support a pro-slavery cause.

Abraham Lincoln

Robert E. Lee

rifles, repeating firearms, ironclads, submarines, balloons, railroads, telegraph, and photography

Gettysburg

The 13th Amendment

Reconstruction

violence, such as the Ku Klux Klan and the Colfax Massacre; politics, such as the Redeemers and the Compromise of 1877; and laws, such as the Black Codes and Jim Crow laws

Slaughterhouse Cases, United States v. Cruikshank, Civil Rights Cases, and Plessy v. Ferguson

ending slavery and giving citizenship and voting rights to black men; starting schools and colleges for black people; making black people part of the government; and helping the economy and society of the South

Hiram Revels, Blanche Bruce, Robert Smalls, John Mercer Langston, and Pinckney Pinchback

Hiram Revels, Mississippi

The Reconstruction Act of 1867

Sharecropping

The Plessy v. Ferguson decision

The Compromise of 1877

An agreement during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that counted enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of representation in Congress.

A clause in the U.S. Constitution that required escaped slaves to be returned to their owners, even if they had reached states where slavery was prohibited.

A political conflict in the 1830s in which South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariffs, asserting the right of states to reject federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that greatly increased the efficiency of cotton production by separating cotton fibers from seeds, leading to the expansion of cotton farming and slavery.

A network of secret routes, safe houses, and individuals that helped enslaved people escape from the South to freedom in the North or Canada during the 19th century.

A social and political movement advocating for the immediate emancipation of enslaved individuals and the end of slavery.

An African American abolitionist, writer, and speaker who became a prominent voice for the abolition of slavery and civil rights for African Americans.

Sarah and Angelina Grimke, early female abolitionists and advocates for women's rights who spoke out against slavery and gender inequality.

Definition: A women's suffrage activist who played a key role in the women's suffrage movement, advocating for women's right to vote.

The incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States in 1845 as a slave state, leading to tensions over the expansion of slavery.

A proposed amendment to a bill in 1846 that sought to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico during the Mexican-American War.

A political party in the mid-19th century that opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories and advocated for free soil.

A series of legislative measures passed in 1850 to address the issue of slavery in the newly acquired territories, including the admission of California as a free state.

An author best known for her novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which depicted the harsh realities of slavery and had a significant impact on public opinion.

A law passed in 1854 that allowed residents of the Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide on the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty, leading to violence and conflict in "Bleeding Kansas."

A political party founded in 1854 as an anti-slavery party, which later became a major political force in the United States.

A Supreme Court case in 1857 in which the court ruled that enslaved individuals were not citizens and could not sue in federal court, further deepening sectional tensions.

A series of debates in 1858 between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas on the issue of slavery and its expansion into the territories.

An abolitionist who led a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859 in an attempt to start a slave rebellion.

A nativist and anti-immigrant political party in the 1850s that opposed immigration and Catholic influence in the United States.

The withdrawal of Southern states, beginning with South Carolina, from the United States in response to Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860.

The government formed by Southern states that seceded from the Union, with its capital in Richmond, Virginia, and Jefferson Davis as its president.

A federal fort in South Carolina where the first shots of the Civil War were fired in April 1861.

A consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of the Union and Confederate states during the Civil War.

A prominent Confederate general known for his leadership during the Civil War.

Technological advancements in firearms that had a significant impact on the tactics and outcome of battles during the Civil War.

A major battle in 1862 that resulted in high casualties and led to President Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation.

An executive order issued by President Lincoln in 1863 that declared enslaved individuals in Confederate-held territory to be free.

Violent protests in New York City in 1863 in response to the draft for the Union Army during the Civil War.

President Lincoln's suspension of the legal protection against unlawful imprisonment during the Civil War to maintain order.

A Union general who played a key role in the Union's victory during the Civil War and later became President of the United States.

A Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River that fell to Union forces in 1863, giving the Union control of the river.

A pivotal battle in the Civil War in 1863 with significant casualties and a Union victory.

A speech by President Lincoln in 1863 that redefined the war's purpose as preserving a "new birth of freedom."

General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive campaign through Georgia in 1864, targeting Confederate infrastructure.

The location where General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, effectively ending the Civil War.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution ratified in 1865 that abolished slavery in the United States.

A holiday celebrated on June 19th commemorating the emancipation of enslaved individuals in the United States.

President Lincoln's Reconstruction plan that allowed Southern states to rejoin the Union when 10% of their voting population pledged allegiance to the Union.

A faction of Republicans during Reconstruction led by figures like Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens who advocated for civil rights for African Americans and a strict approach to punishing former Confederates.

A federal agency established during Reconstruction to provide assistance to newly emancipated African Americans in the South.

A set of laws passed in Southern states during Reconstruction that aimed to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution ratified in 1868 that granted equal rights and citizenship to all persons, including African Americans.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution ratified in 1870 that granted voting rights to African American men.

Terms used to describe individuals resented in the South during Reconstruction; scalawags were Southern white Republicans, and carpetbaggers were Northern opportunists.

An African American senator from Mississippi during Reconstruction, symbolizing the period's political changes.

General Sherman's proposal during Reconstruction to redistribute land to formerly enslaved individuals.

An agricultural system that emerged in the South after the Civil War where landless farmers (often African Americans) worked on land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops, leading to cycles of debt and poverty.

A white supremacist organization that emerged in the South after the Civil War, known for its violent activities against African Americans and their allies.

A series of federal laws passed during Reconstruction to combat and suppress the activities of the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups.

Southern Democrats who sought to regain political control in the South after the end of Reconstruction.

The political compromise that led to Rutherford B. Hayes becoming President and the end of Reconstruction in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.

The long-term consequences of the Reconstruction era, including gains in civil rights, challenges to African Americans' rights, and the shaping of the post-war South.

First Slaves Come to America

African slaves are brought to the English colony of Virginia, marking the beginning of slavery in what would become the United States.

United States Born with Slavery Allowed

The United States declares independence from Britain, but slavery is still legally practiced in many states.

Constitution Protects Slavery (3/5ths Compromise)

The U.S. Constitution includes the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counts enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation purposes.

Cotton Gin Makes Slavery Profitable

Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin, making cotton production more profitable and increasing the demand for enslaved labor.

Missouri Compromise

Congress passes the Missouri Compromise, which attempts to balance the admission of slave and free states as the nation expands westward.

The Liberator" Abolitionist Newspaper

William Lloyd Garrison starts "The Liberator," an abolitionist newspaper in Boston, advocating for the immediate end of slavery.

Nullification Crisis in South Carolina

South Carolina opposes federal tariffs and threatens to nullify them, highlighting the tension between states' rights and federal power.

U.S. Annexes Texas as a Slave State

Texas is annexed into the United States as a slave state, contributing to debates over the expansion of slavery.

War with Mexico

The Mexican-American War results in the acquisition of territory, intensifying the slavery debate regarding the status of these new lands.

Frederick Douglass Publishes "The North Star"

Former slave Frederick Douglass publishes "The North Star," an influential abolitionist newspaper.

Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850 attempts to address the issue of slavery in newly acquired territories, including California's admission as a free state and the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act.

"Uncle Tom's Cabin" Published by Harriet Beecher Stowe

Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" vividly depicts the harsh realities of slavery and becomes a catalyst for anti-slavery sentiments.

Kansas-Nebraska Act Leads to "Bleeding Kansas"

The Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty in the territories, leading to violent conflicts between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in Kansas.

Dred Scott Case

The Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision declares that enslaved individuals are property and that Congress cannot regulate slavery in the territories, intensifying sectional tensions and angering abolitionists.

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

a political party formed in 1848 to oppose the extension of slavery into U.S. territories

Antislavery political party that formed in the 1850's.

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

established by Congress in last month of war
Created to help former slaves succeed
set up hospitals, schools, health institutes, teacher training centers

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.

BETTER OFFICERS - DEFENSIVE WAR - POSSIBLE BRITISH HELP - DON'T HAVE TO "WIN"

MORE PEOPLE, MONEY, FACTORIES, ENGINEERS AND COLLEGES - HAVE AN EXSISTING GOVERNMENT IN PLACE

NO AGGRESSIVE IN BATTLE - FROZE UP AT ANTIETAM

MCCLELLAN COULD HAVE CAPOTURED LEE'S FORCES IF HE KEPT ATTACKING - WHOLE WAR MIGHT HAVE ENDED

A- BRITAIN B- THEU HAD A STOCKPILE OF COTTON - HAD ALREADY ENDED SLAVERY, DIDN'T WANT TO SUPPORT SLAVERY

GET MORE POSSIBLE SOLDIERS FROM ESCAPED SLAVES - HURT SOUTH'S ECONOMY - 1/7th OF SLAVES FLED TO NORTH

THEY ARRESTED PEOPLE WITHOUT CHARGES... SAID IT WAS AN "EMERGENCY"

BAD FOOD - BAD MEDICAL CARE - LONG MARCHES - IF PRISONER OF WSAR, BARELY FED - AWFUL BATTLES

WANTED TO EMBARASS LINCOLN AND MAKE NOTHERNERS SCARED... HOPED LINCOLN WOULD LOSE IN 1864 ELECTION TO MCCLELLAN

THE WAR HAS A NEW GOAL... FREEDOM AND A NEW LIFE IN AMERICA FOR SLAVES

NOT A BATTLE BUT A SIEGE... GRANT JUST SURROUNDED CITY AND FIRED ARTILLERY FOR WEEKS TIL THRY SURRENDERED

MAKE IT HURT... END WAR QUICKLY ... MAKE SURE REBELS DON'T TRY AGAIN IN THE FUTURE

THERRE WAS A DRAFT OF SOLDIERS - BUSINESSES MADE WHAT GOVT WANTED - SLAVES WERE FREED - HIGHER TAXES

IT FREED ALL THE SLAVES AND PROHIBITED ALL SLAVERY IN THE FUTURE (EP only freed slaves in the Confederacy)

Start of the civil war

Union Won 1862- McClellan Wimps Out- Allows freeing slaves

Mississippi River- Grant vs Lee in VIrginia 1864