Unit 1

One of three domains of life; consists of single-celled organisms

A group of organisms/samples that don’t receive the experimental treatment but are otherwise identical to the group that does

Member of the domain Eukarya; cell/organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus

The theory that all organisms on Earth are related by common ancestry and have changed over time/continue to change via natural selection and other processes; any change in the genetic characteristics of a population over time

A testable statement that explains a phenomenon/set of observations

The process by which individuals with certain heritable traits tend to produce more surviving offspring than do individuals without those traits, often leading to a change in the genetic makeup of the population - *major mechanism of evolution*

a type of study in which individuals are observed or certain outcomes are measured; no attempt is made to affect the outcome

any living entity that contains one or more cells

a branching diagram that depicts the evolutionary relationships among species or other taxa

a member of the domain Bacteria or Archaea; organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

an explanation for a broad class of phenomena that is supported by a wide body of evidence; serves as a framework for the development of new hypotheses

a functional group that consists of a single nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

a functional group consisting of a carbon atom that’s double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group

the theory that simple chemical compounds in the early atmosphere and ocean combined via chemical reactions to form larger, more complex substances, eventually leading to the origin of life and the start of biological evolution

any process in which substances combine or are broken down into other substances; involves the making/ breaking of chemical bonds

a type of chemical bond in which 2 atoms share 1 or more pairs of electrons

a weak interaction between 2 molecules or different parts of the same molecule resulting from the attraction between a hydrogen atoms with a partial positive charge and another atom (usually O or N) with a partial negative charge

a functional group with the chemical formula -OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom

a chemical bond that is formed when an electron is completely transferred from 1 atom to another; resulting ions remain associated due to their opposite electric charges

the energy of motion

a functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms (3 single bonds and 1 double bond); one of these oxygen atoms must be bonded to another atom

energy stored in matter as a result of its position or the position of electrons that form chemical bonds between atoms

any of the final materials formed in a chemical reaction

any of the starting materials in a chemical reaction

a functional group with a sulfur and hydrogen atom

a secondary structure in proteins formed when the polypeptide backbone coils into a spiral shape stabilized by hydrogen bonding

a secondary structure in proteins formed when the polypeptide backbone folds into a sheet like shape stabilized by hydrogen bonding

a small organic molecule with a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH3), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a side chain; when amino acids linked together to form proteins, they’re referred to as resides

a chemical reaction in which 2 molecules are joined covalently with the removal of an -OH from 1 and an -H from another to form water; most involve the joining of monomers into polymers - same as dehydration reaction

the end of a peptide/protein primary structure in which the amino acid residue’s carbonyl group is no part of a peptide bond

a sulfur-containing amino acid occurring in many proteins and readily oxidizable to cystine

same as a condensation reaction - a chemical reaction in which 2 molecules are joined covalently with the removal of an -OH from 1 and an -H from another to form water; most involve the joining of monomers into polymers

(for a macromolecule) loss of its 3-dimensional structure due to breakage of chemical bonds and interactions; caused by exposure to heat, certain chemicals, extreme pH conditions

a covalent bond between 2 sulfur atoms, typically in the side chains of certain amino acids; contributes to tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structure

a protein catalyst used by living organisms to increase the rate of biological reactions

a small group of atoms bonded together in a precise configuration and exhibiting particular chemical properties that it imparts to any organic molecule in which it occurs

a chemical reaction in which a molecule is split into smaller molecules by reacting with water; involves splitting of polymers into monomers

any large organic molecules made up of smaller molecules (monomers) joined together into a polymer (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides)

a protein that facilitates the folding or remolding of a protein into its correct 3-dimensional shape

a small molecule that can covalently bind to other similar molecules to form a larger macromolecule

the end of a peptide/protein primary structure in which the amino acid residue is not part of a peptide bond

a weak electrical attraction between 2 nonpolar molecules that have been brought together through hydrophobic interactions; contributes to tertiary and quaternary structures in proteins

the covalent bond formed by a condensation reaction between 2 amino acids

any large molecule composed of small repeating units (monomers ) bonded together - proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides

a chain typically consisting of 50 or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

the sequence of amino acid residues in a protein; also in sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid

macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptide chains composed of 50 or more amino acids linked together; each has a unique sequence of amino acids and generally possesses a characteristic 3-dimensional shape

part of an amino acid’s core structure that varies from a single hydrogen atom to large structures containing carbon rings; r-group variability is responsible for the variability in amino acid structure and function - also called side chains

indicates the carbon number in the DNA’s sugar backbone; 3’ carbon has a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to it

indicates the carbon number in the DNA’s sugar backbone; 5’ carbon has a phosphate group attached to it

nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; its complementary base is thymine (T) in DNA and uracil (U) in RNA

nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; its complementary base is guanine (G)

nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; its complementary base is cytosine (C)

nitrogenous base in DNA only; its complementary base is adenine (A)

nitrogenous base in RNA only; its complementary base is adenine (A)

describes the opposite orientation of nucleic acid stands that are hydrogen-bonded to one another, with one strand running in the 5’ —> 3’ direction and the other in the 3’ —> 5’ direction

a strand of RNA or DNA used to make a new, complementary strand via complementary base-pairing

a nucleic acid composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carries the genetic information; generally occurs as double helix with 2 intertwined strands held together by noncovalent bonds

a nucleotide consisting of a deoxyribose sugar, 1 or more phosphates, and 1 of 4 nitrogen-containing bases: A, G, C, or T

a molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base, especially a purine or pyrimidine (A, T, U, G, C)

macromolecule composed of nucleotide monomers; used by cells to store or transmit hereditary information (DNA, RNA)

molecule consisting of a 5-carbon sugar (ribose, deoxyribose), 1 or more phosphate groups, and 1 of several nitrogen-containing bases; equivalent to nucleoside plus 1 or more phosphate groups

chemical linkage between adjacent nucleotide residues in DNA and RNA; joins a phosphate group at position 5 in the pentose sugar of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group at position 3 in the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

the process by which many identical or similar monomers are covalently bonded to form a large molecule (polymer)

a class of double-ringed nitrogenous bases (G and A) found in nucleotides

a class of single-ringed nitrogenous bases (C, T, U) found in nucleotides

a usually single-stranded nucleic acid composed of ribonucleotides; functions as catalytic components of ribosomes (rRNA), transporters of amino acids (tRNA), and messages of the DNA code required for protein synthesis (mRNA), among others

a nucleotide consisting of a ribose sugar, 1 or more phosphates, and 1 of 4 nitrogen-containing bases: A, G, C, U

a pentose sugar that plays an important role in the synthesis of RNA, DNA, and ATP

any RNA molecule that can act as a catalyst to increase the rate of a chemical reaction

proposal that at a particular stage in the evolution of life, RNA both stored genetic information and catalyzed its own replication and that RNA emerged before DNA and proteins during chemical evolution

forms the structural framework of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA); composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, defines directionality of the molecule

a strand of RNA or DNA used to make a new, complementary strand via complementary base-pairing

technique for determining the 3-dimensional structure of large molecules, including proteins and nucleic acids, by analyzing the diffraction patterns produced by X-rays beamed at crystals of the molecule

any of a class of molecules that contain a carbonyl group, several hydroxyl groups and multiple carbon-hydrogen bonds; synonymous with sugar

A structural polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined by beta-1, 4-glycosidic linkages; found in the cell walls of algae, plants, and some bacteria and fungi

a structural polysaccharide composed of N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) monomers joined end to end by beta-1, 4-glycosidic linkages; found in cell walls of fungi and many algae, and in external skeletons of insects and crustaceans

a carbohydrate consisting of 2 monosaccharide sugar residues linked together

a 6-carbon monosaccharide that can be oxidized via cellular respiration or fermentation to produce ATP or serve as source of carbon to synthesize other molecules

a highly branched storage polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined by alpha-1, 4- and alpha-1, 6-glycosidic linkages; major form of stored carbohydrate in animals

the covalent bond formed by a condensation reaction between 2 sugar monomers; joins the residues of a polysaccharide

a monosaccharide (simple sugar) containing 6 carbon atoms

a molecule that has the molecular formula (CH2O) and cannot be hydrolysis to form any smaller carbohydrates; also called simple sugar

a linear or branched carbohydrate chain consisting of many (>50) monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

a linear or branched carbohydrate chain generally consisting of fewer than 50 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

a monosaccharide containing 5 carbon atoms

a mixture of 2 storage polysaccharides, amylose and amylopectin, both formed from alpha-glucose monomers; amylopectin is branched, and amylose is unbrancched; major form of stored carbohydrate in plants

the covalent bond formed by a condensation reaction between a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group; join fatty acids to glycerol to form a fat or phospholipid

a lipid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain bonded at one end to a carboxyl group; used by many organisms to store chemical energy; major component of animal and plant fats and phospholipids

a 3-carbon molecule that forms the “backbone” of phospholipids and most fats

the hydrocarbon chain that makes up fatty acids; makes the tail end of the molecule hydrophobic

any organic substance that does not dissolve in water, but dissolves well in nonpolar organic solvents; include fatty acids, fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids

all the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds; have relatively high melting points

at least one carbon-carbon bond is a double bond; double bonds produce kink in hydrocarbon chains and decrease compound’s melting point

a class of lipid consisting of 3 fatty acid molecules joined by ester linkages to a glycerol molecule; found in your blood

a molecule consisting of an adenine base, a sugar, and 3 phosphate groups that are linked together with covalent bonds that have high potential energy; used by cells as monomer for RNA synthesis and to store/transfer chemical energy

any substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

a protein catalyst used by living organisms to increase the rate of biological reactions

a reactant that interacts with a catalyst, such as an enzyme or ribozyme, in a chemical reaction