Lecture 5

What two things are the connective tissue matrix made of?

What are the three types of fibers?

Whata re the two types of connective tissue cells?

What are the four types of wandering or transient cells?

CT contains many  , , and  

CT is classified according to the  

Adult CT is derived from embryonic  

Sarcomas, a malignant neoplasm can develop from   and 

GROUND SUBSTANCE is amorphous  material with   fills the spaces between the cells and fibers.

Ground substance is removed during  

Ground space is composed of tissue fluid with  ,  ,
 (especially hyaluronic acid), , and multi adhesive sticky  
(laminin, fibronectin)

The ground substance allows the diffusion of  , ,  , and  between cells and capillaries

Icreased fluid in the ground substance results in   or 

 is in every tissue and organ

The connective tissue has interconnected spaces are filled with moving fluid and supported by
strong, flexible, proteins. This highway has been referred to as the  

Fluid from the connective tissue empties into the  .

Cancer is able to metastasize quickly once they reach the fluid-filled spaces in the connective tissue because it drains into the  

What are the three basic tissues found in all connective tissues?

What are the components of collagen fibers?

What is the appearance of collagen in H and E?

What is the function of collagen fibers?

What is the component of recticular fibers?

What is the appearance fo reticular fibers in H and E?

What is the function of recticular fibers?

What are the components of elastic fibers?

What is the structure of elastic fibers in H and E?

What is the function of an elastic fiber?

Fibroblast -   with a   nucleus, cytoplasm  

Adipose cell - Largest cell, round and   in H and E.  nucleus,  ring shape. Attached to the CT by a  

Mast cell - Large amoeboid like cell with   filling the cytoplasm, obsuring the  nuclus

Macrophage - Large amoeboid like cell with  

Plasma cell - small round cell wiith  nucelus and  cytoplasm

Lymphocyte -Small round cell with a   nucelus and a   of cytoplasm, is a  

Eosinophil - small cell with a  nucelus and distinct   in cytoplasm, is a  

Nuetrophil - Small cell with nucleus, faint tiny  granules can be visible, is a  

Monocyte - Small cell with   nucleus,   cytoplasm, is a  

What is the principal cell of connective tissue?

 secrete and maintain the extracellular matrix including ALL  and MOST of  

During growth or wound healing, active fibroblasts have a plumper and  with a   neuclus

Myofibroblasts are   that appear in   They have properties of   and .

Adipocytes store 

  is present in the fetus and newborn where it is used as an energy source, providing heat to newborns

Mast cells have a cytoplasm filled with , obscuring the   nucleus.

The granules of a  are metachromatic (change color of dye)

Mast cells secrete  ,   and .

Mast cells have  factor and  
factor.

The secretion of   granules (degranulation) can affect the leakage of the
plasma into the connective tissue. This can result in  
reactions,  , and  .

What is another name for a macrophage?

Macrophages are phagocytic cells derived from blood cells called  

  migrate from the blood into the CT, where they differentiate into macrophages.

Macrophages are called   in the lung and  in the liver.

The macrophages of the central nervous system are called 

What are the three important functions of macrophages?

Macrophages can fuse to form a large cell with up to nuclei. These
 are capable of walling off relatively large masses of
foreign material like splinters.

Plasma cells are small round motile cells with a   and an
 nucleus. Its round nucleus has an unusual pattern of heterochromatin often
described as a  

Plasma cells secrete  

Plasma cells are derived from  

  the embryonic loose connective tissue

Mesenchyme consists of consists of  cells, abundant  , and very few .

Mesenchymal cells are   cells that can differentiate into all the
support tissues including: adult  ,  , ,  ,  ,  , and   cells.

Mesenchyme is derived primarily from the  germ layer with the
exception of the mesenchyme in the  which is derived from
 

  – a gelatinous loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord.

CLASSIFICATION OF ADULT CT- based on   and  

Loose CT contains a small number of  fibers scattered throughout the
 ground substance.

Loose connective tissue has  fibers

  – many fibers, disorganized

In dense irregular connective tissues, the collagen fibers have an   and fibroblasts are oriented in  

In dense  , the tissue can resist stress in multiple directions

What is an example of dense irregular tissue?

  - many fibers, organized

Dense regular tissue has large bundles of   arraned in  that extend in  tension. Firboblasts have flattened nuclei in  

Compared to loose and adipose CT, the
dense CTs have  blood vessels.

What are three examples of where dense, regular tissue is located?

Adipose tissue is  

 
This specialized type of dense regular CT contains abundant   with a
small amount of  and  , are organized into  

Elastic connective tissue is present in   and  

RETICULAR “CONNECTIVE TISSUE” -
This is the CT framework or stroma of   and
 

Overproduction of Type I collagen in connective tissue leads to  

 , or connective tissue scarring, consists of an excessive   by fibroblasts (and myofibroblasts) in reaction to tissue injury. This is a pathological
form of wound healing.

 are local bulging skin scars that form following injury. Typically return
after excision

Keloids can also occur in other organs like the lung, GI system and liver, heart, and kidney. It causes   and replaces 

What are 4 examples of diseases caused by fibrosis

  is a group of autoimmune diseases that results in fibrosis either localized
to the skin or involving other organs.

 , the most severe form, causes fibrosis throughout the tissues and
organs of the body including the lung, heart, kidney and GI system

 dietary lack of vitamin C leads to weak Type I collagen fibers. Causes bleeding gums, loose teeth, brusing, and poor wound healing

  is a group of inherited diseases with reduced and/or defective
Type I collagen fibers. The extracellular matrix of bone, fibrocartilage and teeth (dentin
and cementum) also contain Type I collagen fibers. Causes week bones, abnormal teeth, and blue grey sclera

  is group of inherited diseases associated with defective type III
collagen. In the severe vascular form of the disease (Type 4),  or
 are defective. Causes thin, translucent skin that brusies easily. Walls of organs, including heart and uterus are weaker.

People with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have a specific appearance including  , thin  ,  , and small 

 is a group of inherited diseases with defective Type IV collagen in
basal laminabasement membranes. Clinically the most important site of damage is in
the basement membrane of the   Causes  ,  , and  .

  is an inherited disease with abnormal fibrillin, a glycoprotein that is
necessary for the synthesis and maintenance of elastic fibers

Patients with   are very tall and thin, have extremely long arms, legs, fingers, and toes. They also freqyencty get aortic aneurysms and dissections.

Both   and   cause scoliosis

  are the most common adult benign soft tissue neoplasm or tumor.

Two examples of benign neoplasms of the connective tissue include   and  

 are malignant neoplasms from mesenchyme derived cells.

 are malignant tumors derived from fibroblast like cells.

  (AKA  ) is the most
common soft tissue sarcoma in adults.

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is composed of  ,  , and   with plemorphism. . Bizarre
  are often present. This is a fast growing tumor with a poor
prognosis.