Biochem Lecture 5
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1
Proteins can be percipitated from the blood plasma by the method.
Proteins can be percipitated from the blood plasma by the ammonium sulfate percipitation method.
2
What percentage of plasma is water?
90%
3
What percentage of plasma is protein? Value?
6-8% (6-9 g/dL)
4
What percentage of plasma is organics and minerals?
2-4%
5
What percentage of the plasma protein is albumin? Value?
60% (4.8 g/dL)
6
What percentage of the plasma protein is globulin? Value?
35% (2.3 g/dL)
7
What percentage of protein is fibrinogen? Value?
4% (0.3 g/dL)
8
What percentage of plasma is prothrombin? Value?
1% (0.1g/dL)
9
What is the difference between serum and plasma?
Serum =no fibrinogen, Plasma=fibrinogen
10
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11
When anticoagulent is not included is formed.
When anticoagulent is not included serum is formed.
12
When anticoagulent is included is formed.
When anticoagulent is included plasma is formed.
13
Cations more towards the
Cations more towards the cathode.
14
Anions more towards the
Anions more towards the anode.
15
The height of the peaks corresponds to what?
Quantity
16
What are 3 examples of alpha 1 globulins?
alpha 1 antitrypsin, TBG, and transcortin
17
What do alpha 1 globulins bind to?
hydrophobic compounds
18
What are 3 examples of alpha 3 globulins?
Haptoglubulin, ceruloplasmin, alpha-macro globulin
19
What are the 2 examples of beta globulin?
Transferin, b-lipoprotein
20
What is an example of a gamma globulin?
antibodies
21
What is the significance of the M band? 
It tells you if something is a serum or plasma. If there is serum, you will not see M band because the M band is made by fibrinogen.
22
n is a water soluble, globular protein.
Serum albumin is a water soluble, globular protein.
23
Serum albumin is a water soluble, globular protein that is made of amino acids and is made primarily of .
Serum albumin is a water soluble, globular protein that is made of 580 amino acids and is made primarily of alpha helices.
24
Human albumin has distinct domains that bind free fatty acids.
Human albumin has 11 distinct hydrophobic domains that bind free fatty acids.
25
40% of albumin is present in the and 60% is present in the .
40% of albumin is present in the plasma and 60% is present in the extracellular space.
26
Albumin is responsible for maintaing .
Albumin is responsible for maintaing osmotic pressure.
27
What is the half life of albumin?
20 days
28
What happens when serum albumin declines drastically (i.e. 46 g/L to 21 g/L)
Increase in mortality rate (1 to 29%)
29
Which of the proteins in plasma is NOT made in the liver? Where is it made?
Gamma globulin which includes immunoglobulins (made in the B cells and plasma cells )
30
The live synthesizes of albumin per day, which is nearly of liver proteins.
The live synthesizes 12 g of albumin per day, which is nearly 25% of liver proteins.
31
Where is mature albumin secreted?
In the blood stream
32
Where is prealbumin initially made?
The liver makes it in the rough er
33
During the secretory pathway of albumin, what is removed?
The signal peptide (which is 6 amino acids from the terminus)
34
The mature albumin contains
The mature albumin contains 17 disulfide bonds.
35
Fibrinogen makes blood viscous, where albumin makes blood viscous.
Fibrinogen makes blood more viscous, where albumin makes blood less viscous.
36
Why is albumin less viscous?
It has a ellipsoidal shape with less drag
37
What is albumins isoelectric point?
4.70
38
What are the 4 functions of albumin?
-Transport
-Osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)
-Buffer in plasma (hisitidine residue controls blood pH because pKa is around 6)
-Nutrition
-Osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)
-Buffer in plasma (hisitidine residue controls blood pH because pKa is around 6)
-Nutrition
39
What 6 things are carried by albumin?
(1) Free fatty acids
(2) Steroid hormones
(3) Calcium
(4) Copper
(5) Bilirubin
(6) Xenobiotics
(2) Steroid hormones
(3) Calcium
(4) Copper
(5) Bilirubin
(6) Xenobiotics
40
Amino acids can be released by hydrolysis of .
Amino acids can be released by hydrolysis of albumin.
41
How many histidine residues does serum albumin contain?
16
42
Why is histidine in serum serve as a good buffer?
Has a side chain imidazole with pka of around 6
43
What is hypoalbuminemia?
-Serum calcium levels become low
44
In hypoalbuminemia, of calcium is lowered for every dip in albumin level.
In hypoalbuminemia, 0.8 mg/dL of calcium is lowered for every 1g/dL dip in albumin level.
45
What does hypoalbuminemia cause?
fluid retention (edema)
46
Hyperalbuminemia causes?
fluid depletion
47
What 5 things cause hypoalbuminemia?
1. liver cirrhosis 2. malnutrition 3. nephrotic syndrome 4. burns 5. malabsorption
48
Which produce higher amounts of gamma globulin?
B cells
49
Why do gamma globulins go up? (4 things)
They increase due to chronic infection, liver disease, autoimmune disease, and lymphoma
50
What are alpha globulins classifed as?
Glycoproteins
51
Cigarette smoking causes the development of emphysema due to
Cigarette smoking causes the development of emphysema due to inactive alpha-1 antitrypsin.
52
What does inactive alpha 1 antitrypsin cause to be unihibited? What is the effect?
Causes elastase to be unihibited and released by macrophages. It leads to proteolysis that causes lung alveoli to be destroyed, causing emphysema.
53
Modification of key residue of alpha 1 antitrypsin into leads to inactive alpha 1 antitrypsin.
Modification of key methionine residue of alpha 1 antitrypsin into methionine sulfoxide leads to inactive alpha 1 antitrypsin.
54
binds to extracorpuscular hemoglobin (Hb) to form large noncovalent Hp-Hb complex
Haptoglobulin (Hp) binds to extracorpuscular hemoglobin (Hb) to form large noncovalent Hp-Hb complex
55
is clotting factor
Prothrombin is clotting factor
56
is blue and binds copper. Converts Fe2+ to Fe3+/
Ceruloplasmin is blue and binds copper. Converts Fe2+ to Fe3+/
57
are proteins of LDL particle
Beta lipoprotein are proteins of LDL particle
58
is a glycoprotein which binds 2 moles of Iron Fe3+/mole of transferrin. It is important in the determination of where a patient has iron deficient anemia.
Transferrin is a glycoprotein which binds 2 moles of Iron Fe3+/mole of transferrin. It is important in the determination of where a patient has iron deficient anemia.
59
binds to heme
Hemopexin binds to heme
60
degrade fibrin
Plasminogen degrade fibrin
61
is a good anticoagulant and has antitrypsin and antiplasmin activity
a2-Macroglobulin is a good anticoagulant and has antitrypsin and antiplasmin activity
62
reacts with C-polysaccharide of Pneumococci, Increases during Inflammation and Coronary Hear Disease
C-reactive protein reacts with C-polysaccharide of Pneumococci, Increases during Inflammation and Coronary Hear Disease
63
goes up during chronic infection
Complement C1q goes up during chronic infection
64
What are the 5 GAMMA globulins?
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD. IgE
65
In monoclonal gammopathy, are high. and are examples of monlonal gammopathies.
In monoclonal gammopathy, gamma globulins are high. Multiple myeloma and Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia are examples of monlonal gammopathies.
66
In , albumin is low and beta-gamma band bridging occurs.
In liver cirrhosis, albumin is low and beta-gamma band bridging occurs. 
67
In , there is low albumin, higher alpha 2 and beta.
In nephrotic syndrome, there is low albumin, higher alpha 2 and beta. 
68
In , there is a sharp increase in gamma globulins and a sharp M band ( protein levels are high).
In multiple myeloma, there is a sharp increase in gamma globulins and a sharp M band (Bence-Jones protein levels are high). 
69
Which plasma levels increase during inflammation and during cancerous conditions? (5)
1. c-reactive protein
2. alpha 1-antitrypsin
3. alpha 2 macroglbulin
4. ceruloplasmin
5. alpha 1 acid glycoprotein
2. alpha 1-antitrypsin
3. alpha 2 macroglbulin
4. ceruloplasmin
5. alpha 1 acid glycoprotein
70
What are the four proteins that go down during inflammation and cancerous conditions?
1. albumin
2. transthyretin
3. transferrin
4. retinol binding protein
2. transthyretin
3. transferrin
4. retinol binding protein
71
In , dehydration occurs and albumin and glbulin are but ratio is the same.
In hyperproteinemia, dehydration occurs and albumin and glbulin are high but ratio is the same.
72
In , both albumin and globulin are low but ratio is the same.
In hypoproteinemia, both albumin and globulin are low but ratio is the same.